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Virucidal activity of silver nanoparticles against Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) in banana plants

Bulletin of the National Research Centre volume 44, Article number: 199 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is a destructive viral disease in many countries including Egypt; it causes severe economic losses in banana crop. Recently, nanotechnology was used to generate resistance against plant viruses. The main purpose of this study was to use silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as antiviral agents against BBTV. In this research, three different concentrations of AgNPs (40, 50 and 60 ppm) were applied by foliar spray post-BBTV inoculation. In addition, photopigments, oxidative enzymes, proline and phenolic compounds were determined. Besides, Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used to evaluate the genotoxicity of AgNPs as antiviral factors against BBTV, compared with the control plants.

Results

In the current study, it was observed that banana plants infected with BBTV and treated with 50 ppm AgNPs have not shown any external symptoms where the rate of infection was 36%. On the other hand, banana plants treated with 50 ppm AgNPs after viral infection gave a significant increase in dry weight and leaf area, compared with BBTV infected banana plants (viral control). Our study showed that 50 ppm AgNPs treatment post-virus inoculation induced non-significantly and significant changes in chlorophyll (a and b) and carotenoids, respectively, compared with healthy and nano-controls. In contrast, phenol, proline and oxidative enzymes were significantly increased in all plants treated with 50 ppm AgNPs post-virus inoculation, compared with the healthy control. Our findings observed that the banana plants sprayed with 50 ppm AgNPs after BBTV infection induced a few changes at the genomic DNA level in the banana plants, whereas both RAPD and SRAP markers scored nearly the same polymorphism 36.99 and 37.5%, respectively. So, genotoxicity induced by banana plants treated with 50 ppm AgNPs post-BBTV inoculation was low.

Conclusions

It is evident from the study results the role of AgNPs as a novel, safe and effective antiviral agent against BBTV. These results should be taken into consideration in future for the use of AgNPs for plant viruses management.

Background

Banana (Musa sp.) belongs to Family: Musaceae, it is one of the most important fruit crops and a fundamental food in Egypt and worldwide. Production of banana is menaced by many viral diseases involving Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), the most destructive viruses of banana. BBTV infected plants display a rosette or ‘bunchy’ top and delay the growth of plants. In addition, it induces up to 100% yield losses (Hu et al. 1996; El-Sayed Eman et al. 2012).

The successful implementation of nanoparticles in medicine has produced some benefits in agri-nanotechnology for plant pathogens resistance (Nair et al. 2010). Growing nanoscale pathogen-resistant cultivars as natural substitution factors in agriculture environments is the most effective way of disease control. BBTV resistance is a big significance. To protect the plants from the viral infection, the FAO/WHO meeting in 2011 summed up the main affairs of nanoparticle uses in the plant protection. Reports on metal nanomaterials, particularly on those generated with gold or silver, found that nanomaterials display an antiviral activity against several viruses and surely decrease viral infection of cultured cells (Galdiero et al. 2011). Nanomaterials are applied as an antimicrobial agent (antifungal and antibacterial activity). For the virucidal activity, two kinds of metallic nanomaterials are applied; gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs are mainly applied for the virucidal activity against viruses such as Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) (Elechiguerra et al. 2005), Hepatitis B virus (Lu et al. 2008), Influenza virus (Papp et al. 2010) and Herpes simplex virus (Baram-Pinto et al. 2009). For inhibition of viruses, nanomaterials of size ranging from 1 to 100 nm are predominately applied (Galdiero et al. 2011). It has been observed the reaction between nanoparticles and the virus genome can be altered by modifying the nucleic acid that codes for the viral coat protein. The size of the nanomaterials has a main function in the reaction, smaller the size more the interaction and more inhibition happen. Furthermore, nanomaterials enter the host cell and use their size-dependent phenomenon that induces virucidal activity with their viral genome (RNA or DNA) (Galdiero et al. 2011). Smaller sized nanomaterials enter the host cell and then come in contact with the viral nucleic acid where they block the cellular agents and the viral vectors that aid in the replication of the virus. In addition, they may get linked with the viral genome so that no polymerase activity happens, and no further generation of progeny viruses take place. Besides, capping of AgNPs and AuNPs ensures a higher reaction rather than naked nanomaterials. Capping factors such as surfactants, polymers, and polysaccharides increase the efficiency of nanomaterials (Bryaskova et al. 2011).

The main purpose of this study was to use AgNPs as antiviral agents against BBTV, by foliar spray of BBTV inoculated banana plants with three different concentrations of AgNPs. As well as, growth parameters, photopigments, oxidative enzymes, proline and phenolic compounds were determined. Besides, RAPD and SRAP markers were used to evaluate the effect of AgNPs on DNA damage in treated banana plants, compared with untreated ones.

Methods

Virus and nanoparticles

BBTV strain, LC468138 (EL-Dougdoug et al. 2006) was obtained from Virology greenhouse, Agricultural Microbiology Dept., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with size 15 nm and spherical shape were purchased from Sigma company in a liquid form, it was uniformly foliar-applied at three different concentrations 40, 50 and 60 ppm.

Plant materials

Healthy tissue culture banana plants cv. ʻGrand Nainʼ were obtained from Horticulture Dept., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. and were tested for BBTV by DAS-ELISA kit as described by Clark and Adams (1977).

Experimental design

The soil texture was clay with pH of 7.38 and Electrical conductivity (EC) of 3.5 collected from the farm of Fac. of. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. The experimental design was a Randomized complete block design with three replicates (ten plants per replicate). (1) Healthy banana plants were sprayed with water (healthy control), (2) BBTV infected banana plants [plants were inoculated by syringe with BBTV as described by Allam et al. (2000)] (viral control), (3) Healthy banana plantlets were individually sprayed with 40, 50 and 60 ppm AgNPs (nano-control). (4) BBTV inoculated banana plants were individually foliar sprayed with 40, 50 and 60 ppm AgNPs after three days from virus inoculation. Recommended irrigation, fertilization, weeding and pest control programs for the banana plants were applied each to treatment having ten banana plantlets. Detection of BBTV infected banana plants was determined by DAS-ELISA kit as described by Clark and Adams (1977). The percentage of BBTV infection was evaluated for three different concentrations of AgNPs.

Plant growth parameters

After six weeks, dry weight (g) and leaf area (cm2), of the third full-sized leaf (from the top) was calculated using the equation = leaf length (cm) X leaf width (cm) (Potdar and Pawar 1991). To determine the dry weight, the plants were dried at 70 °C in the oven for 48 h.

Determination of total phenolic

Total phenol estimation was carried out according to method described by Daniel and George (1972).

Determination of free proline

The quantitative free proline was determined (dry weight) according to the method described by Bates et al. (1973).

Determination of photopigments

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were determined according to Vernon and Selly (1966) method.

Plant oxidative enzymes

The activities of peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes were determined according to the method described by Matta and Dimond (1963) and Kong et al. (1999).

Extraction of genomic DNA

Young leaves of treated and untreated banana plants were soaked in liquid nitrogen for DNA extraction using 2% Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) (Borsch et al. 2003; Mahfouze et al. 2018).

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis

A total of five primers were used to amplify DNA (manufactured by Bioneer, New technology certification from ATS Korea) (Table 5). The total reaction mixture was 25 μl contained 10× PCR buffer, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTPs mixed, 10 pmol primer, 1.25 U Taq polymerase and about 150 ng genomic DNA. RAPD-PCR amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (Biometra Inc., Germany). The temperature profile was as follows: The initial denaturation at 94 °C for 3 min; followed by 35 cycles of denaturation temperature 94 °C for 5 min; annealing temperature 37 °C for 1 min and extension temperature 72 °C for 1 min, with a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min.

Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP)

A set of 11 SRAP primers (Table 6) were designed by Li and Quiros (2001) and used to search for polymorphism among treated and untreated banana plants. The total reaction mixture was 25 µl contained 10X PCR buffer, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTPs mixed, 10 pmol primers, 1.25 U Taq polymerase and about 150 ng genomic DNA. The amplification regime followed the recommendation of Li and Quiros (2001) as follows: An initial denaturing step was performed at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 5 cycles at 94 °C for 1 min, 35 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 1 min, subsequently followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 1 min, 50 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 1 min, the final extension step at 72 °C for 7 min.

Amplification products were separated on a 1.5% agarose gel containing 1X TBE buffer (89 mM Tris–HCl, 89 mM boric acid, 2.5 mM EDTA, pH 8.3) at 90 V. The genomic DNA was stained with RedSafe Nucleic Acid Staining Solution (1/20,000) (iNtRON Biotechnology, Inc. Kr). Gels were analyzed by UVI Geltec version 12.4, 1999–2005 (USA).

Statistical analysis

A Randomized complete block design with three replicates was used. Data of the experiments were exposed to statistical analysis using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Snedecor and Cochran 1980), where the means separation was carried out using Duncan (1980) multiple range tests and compared using L.S.D test at 0.05 probability level significance was determined at P < 0.05.

Results

The reaction of BBTV strain with AgNPs concentrations on tested banana plants

Banana plants were foliar-applied with three different concentrations of AgNPs after BBTV inoculation, the plants reacted with different systemic symptoms ranged from latent (50 ppm) to mild (40 and 60 ppm), compared with the viral control (dark green color and form a “hook” shape, on the midrib, reduced size, brittle of the leaves and gather at the top of the plant making a rosetting shape) as are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. The rate of BBTV infection was 63, 35 and 45%, using 40, 50 and 60 ppm AgNPs, respectively (Table 1). These results were confirmed by DAS-ELISA using specific polyclonal antibodies for BBTV. On the other hand, 60 ppm AgNPs concentration showed phytotoxicity on the banana plants (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Effect of treatment with AgNPs on BBTV infected banana plants, compared with healthy, nano- and viral controls. (1) Healthy control. (2) Banana plants treated only with 50 ppm AgNPs (nano-control). (3) Banana plants infected with BBTV (viral control), photoplate showing symptoms of dark green colored and form a “hook” shape on the midrib, reduced size, brittle of the leaves and gather at the top of the plant making a resetting shape. (4) Banana plant treated with 40 ppm AgNPs post-BBTV inoculation showing light green blade and light green streak on the midrib. (5) Banana plant treated with 50 ppm AgNPs post-BBTV inoculation showing no symptoms. (6) Banana plant treated with 60 ppm AgNPs post-BBTV inoculation showing phytotoxicity on the plant

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Table 1 The reaction of BBTV strain with AgNPs concentrations on tested banana plants
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Determination of plant growth parameters

Treatment with AgNPs post-BBTV inoculation led to a significant increase in the growth parameters (dry weight and leaf area), compared with BBTV infected only banana plants (viral control). On the contrary, the plants treated with 50 ppm AgNPs post-virus inoculation induced non-significant and significant effects in the dry weight and leaf area, respectively, compared with the healthy control. Furthermore, viral control was significantly reduced in the growth parameters, compared with the healthy and nano-controls (Table 2).

Table 2 The growth parameters of banana plants treated with AgNPs post-BBTV inoculation, compared with control
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Photosynthetic pigments

The banana plants treated with three different concentrations of AgNPs post-BBTV inoculation showed different responses on the process of photosynthesis after 30 days of treatment, whereas 50 ppm AgNPs treatment post-virus inoculation led to non-significant changes in chlorophyll a and b, compared to the healthy control. Furthermore, the content of carotenoids was significantly increased in the plants treated with 40 and 50 ppm AgNPs after virus inoculation. On the contrary, 60 ppm AgNPs treatment post-BBTV inoculation induced a non-significant decrease in the content of carotenoids, compared with the healthy and nano-controls (Table 3).

Table 3 Effect of AgNPs on phytochemicals content of BBTV infected banana plants by ANOVA, compared with the control
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Bioactive components

Results presented in Table 3 indicated differences in the bioactive components, due to treatment with AgNPs post-BBTV inoculation. It was observed that 40, 50 and 60 ppm AgNPs after viral infection led to a significant increase in total phenols and proline, compared to the healthy control. Besides, 50 ppm AgNPs treatment post-BBTV inoculation recorded the highest content of phenol and proline, compared with the healthy control. On the contrary, the healthy control was recorded with the lowest content of phenol and proline (Table 3).

Oxidative enzyme activities

The BBTV infected banana plants and sprayed with 40, 50 and 60 ppm AgNPs scored significant variations in the oxidative enzyme activities, compared with the viral, nano- and healthy controls. The highest activities of POX and PPO isozymes were recorded in the banana plants treated with 50 ppm AgNPs post-BBTV inoculation. However, the lowest activities of both enzymes were scored in the healthy control (Table 4).

Table 4 Effect of AgNPs treatment on the activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase (unit/g. Fresh wt./hour) in BBTV infected banana plants by ANOVA, compared with the control
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DNA fingerprinting between treated and untreated banana plants

RAPD analysis

RAPD was used to evaluate effect of silver nanoparticle at the genomic DNA level as an antiviral agent against BBTV, compared with the control plants (Fig. 2 and Table 5). Genomic DNA extracted from the banana leaves of the healthy, nano-, viral controls and test (BBTV infected ones and sprayed with 50 ppm AgNPs) were amplified using seven RAPD primers. A total of 73 amplified bands, ranging from 130 (RAPD-5) to 1400 bp (RAPD-6) were recorded using the seven RAPD primers. The number of amplicons per primer varied from eight (RAPD-2 and RAPD-3) to 14 (RAPD-4). Forty-six bands out of the 73 loci were monomorphic (63.01%) and 27 reproducible bands were polymorphic (36.99%). The RAPD-4 scored the maximum polymorphism with 71.43% (Table 5). On the contrary, RAPD-5 displayed the minimum polymorphism (9.09%). This study showed that nano-control and banana plants sprayed with 50 ppm AgNPs after BBTV inoculation induced four amplified fragments of + 910, + 605, + 493 and + 900 bp, using primers RAPD-1, RAPD-3, RAPD-4 and RAPD-7, respectively. On the other hand, 17 out of the 73 were unique bands (23.29%) (Table 5). Furthermore, the viral control scored positive and negative markers of (− 200; + 252; + 273 and − 950 bp), (+ 900 bp) and (+ 200 and − 1100 bp), using primer RAPD-1, RAPD-4 and RAPD-6, respectively. Moreover, the nano-control recorded two specific bands of + 792 and + 475 bp, using RAPD-4 and RAPD-7, respectively. Besides, the banana plants treated with 50 ppm AgNPs after BBTV infection exhibited eight specific bands with molecular sizes of (+ 730), (+ 310; − 400; − 500; − 530; − 600 and + 692 bp) and (+ 1400 bp), using primer RAPD-1, RAPD-4 and RAPD-6, respectively (Table 5).

Fig. 2
figure 2

RAPD profiles using primers RAPD-1, RAPD-2, RAPD-3, and RAPD-7 of BBTV inoculated banana plants and treated with 50 ppm AgNPs, compared with healthy, nano- and viral controls. Lane M: DNA ladder100 bp; lane 1: BBTV infected banana plants (viral control); lane 2: Healthy control; lane 3: Banana plants treated only with 50 ppm AgNPs (nano-control) and lane 4: BBTV infected banana plants and treated with 50 ppm AgNPs (BBTV; 50 ppm AgNPs)

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Table 5 RAPD analysis of BBTV infected banana plants and treated with 50 ppm AgNPs, compared with healthy, nano- and viral controls
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SRAP profiles

Five SRAP primers amplified genomic DNA extracted of the healthy, nano- and viral controls and ones treated with 50 ppm AgNPs post virus inoculation. A total number of 40 amplicons were detected using five SRAP primers (Fig. 3 and Table 6). The number of loci varied from 100 bp primers (SRAP-1, SRAP-2 and SRAP-4) to 1400 bp (primer SRAP-5). The number of amplified fragments per primer varied from 6 (SRAP-5) to 9 (SRAP-1 and SRAP-2). Twenty-five out of 40 were monomorphic (62.50%), 15 fragments were polymorphic (37.50%). The highest number of loci was recorded in primers SRAP-1 and SRAP-2 (nine loci), while the lowest number of bands was found in primer SRAP-5 (six fragments). The SRAP-5 scored the highest polymorphism with 50%, followed by primer SRAP-2 (44.44%). In contrast, primer SRAP-1 scored the lowest polymorphism (22.22%). In addition, the nano-control and banana plants treated with 50 ppm AgNPs after BBTV infection exhibited two amplicons of + 150 and + 400 bp, using primers SRAP-4 and SRAP-5, respectively. On the other hand, 13 out of the 40 were specific markers (32.5%) (Table 6). Moreover, the healthy control recorded three molecular markers of − 110; + 420 and + 1400 bp, using SRAP-3, SRAP-4 and SRAP-5, respectively (Table 6). Besides, banana plants treated with 50 ppm AgNPs post BBTV infection displayed eight markers with molecular sizes (+ 414 and + 700 bp), (+ 390; − 410; + 692 and + 710 bp), (+ 821 bp) and (+ 500 bp), using primers SRAP-1, SRAP-2, SRAP-3 and SRAP-4, respectively (Table 6). Furthermore, the viral control scored two negative markers of -930 and -505 bp, using primers SRAP-3 and SRAP-5, respectively (Table 6).

Fig. 3
figure 3

SRAP profiles using primers SRAP-1, SRAP-2, SRAP-3, SRAP-5 and SRAP-6 of BBTV inoculated banana plants and treated with 50 ppm AgNPs, compared with healthy, nano- and viral controls. Lane M: DNA ladder100 bp; lane 1: BBTV infected banana plants (viral control); lane 2: Healthy control; lane 3: Banana plants treated only with 50 ppm AgNPs (nano-control) and lane 4: BBTV infected banana plants and treated with 50 ppm AgNPs (BBTV; 50 ppm AgNPs)

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Table 6 SRAP analysis of BBTV infected banana plants and treated with 50 ppm AgNPs, compared with healthy, nano- and viral controls
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Discussion

Nanoparticles developed to nanostructures, had variable shapes and the size of the particles ranged from 1 to 100 nm. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been exploited in the agriculture system against plant viruses (Elbeshehy et al. 2015; El-Dougdoug et al. 2018). The current study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of silver nanoparticles for suppression of BBTV infection in banana plants. The treatment of BBTV infected banana plants with AgNPs was applied three days after BBTV inoculation (post-infection treatment). Generally, the post-infection treatment with 50 ppm AgNPs led to the suppression of virus replication and an important decrease in the rate of infection with BBTV (36%). These results were confirmed by DAS-ELISA. These findings suggested that AgNPs are effective antiviral factors, namely direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). These results were also confirmed in the study by Kuo et al. (2009) and Galdiero et al. (2011) which mentioned that AgNPs work as antiviral and antimicrobial agents. In addition, treatment of the plants with AgNPs post 24 h of virus inoculation gave the most effective results due to a decrease in virus concentration and the percentage of infection. In contrast, zero or weak reduction in virus concentration and percentage of infection were obtained when AgNPs were sprayed at the pre-viral infection (Speshock et al. 2010). Toshikazu (1999), Galdiero et al. (2011) and Narasimha et al. (2012) found that the BBTV concentration, percentage of infection, and disease severity were at low incidence when AgNPs were sprayed before six days of infection. This may be due to the inability of the AgNPs to activate the induced systemic resistance of the plant against BBTV infection. AgNPs inhibited replication of the virus when AgNPs particles size less than the virus size. Elbeshehy et al. (2015) reported that Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) symptoms were observed when plants were treated with AgNPs after zero time from the virus inoculation (with viral inoculum sap). On the other hand, plants treated by AgNPs before 72 h from virus inoculation have not given any effect on viral infection, compared with other silver nanoparticles treatments. Khandelwal et al. (2014) observed the presence of reaction between AgNPs and virus genome, a direct reaction with the virus surface proteins. In addition, AgNPs enter the plant cells, cause antiviral activity (with DNA or RNA) where they block the cellular factor or the viral vectors which help in the replication of the virus. Besides, AgNPs may attach to the viral genome so that no polymerase activity happens, and no generation of virus progeny takes place (Galdiero et al. 2011).

Results of this study indicate that 60 ppm AgNPs caused negative effects on banana plants when was used with a concentration higher than a certain threshold. This result was also previously reported by Navarro et al. (2008) who found that the phytotoxic effect of AgNPs was linked to the impact of dissolved Ag+ ions on the plants. In some cases, silver nanoparticles can be more toxic than free Ag+ ions even at the same concentrations of Ag+. Tripathi et al. (2017) Adsorption of silver nanoparticles into plants may lead to inhibition of apoplastic trafficking by blocking pores and barriers in the cell wall or plasmodesmata, consequently prevent the apoplastic flow of water and nutrients (Geisler-Lee et al. 2014).

In the current investigation, treatment of banana plants with 50 ppm AgNPs after BBTV infection recorded a significant increase in dry weight and leaf area, compared with BBTV infected banana plants (viral control). Besides, the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b) have not been affected in banana plants treated with 50 ppm silver nanoparticles post-BBTV inoculation. On the contrary, contents of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids were reduced in 60 ppm AgNPs treatment post-virus inoculation, which induces phytotoxicity changes on banana plants. These results were similar to those obtained by Dang Giap et al. (2018) who found that silver nanoparticles have positive effects on the growth of in vitro banana plants. The explants were cultured on shoot propagation and rooting media supplied with 1 and 3 ppm AgNPs, respectively. In particular, the content of chlorophyll for shoots cultured on medium containing AgNPs was higher than the control. These media were optimum for the growth of the shoots and roots. Salama (2012) observed that an increase in the AgNPs concentration from 20 to 60 ppm led to a significant increase in shoot and root lengths, leaf area and chlorophyll in Zea mays L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants. In this research, the highest contents of phenol and proline were indicated in 50 ppm AgNPs post-BBTV infection, compared with the healthy control. These results were in agreement with Sameh (2005) stating that the content of phenolics was significantly increased in tomato plants infected with both Potato virus Y (PVY) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), compared with the healthy control. In addition, the content of phenols was significantly increased in broad bean plants treated by AgNPs. Balogun and Teraoka (2004) and Rai et al. (2009) mentioned that viral infection induces an increase in the activity of phenolics as a defense mechanism in plants. Besides, the accumulation of phenolic contents in plants treated with AgNPs was higher than virus-infected ones.

In the present study, the maximum activities of POX and PPO isozymes were scored in banana plants treated with 50 ppm AgNPs after BBTV infection. However, the minimum activities of both enzymes were observed in healthy control. These results were an agreement with (Ma et al. 2015) who observed that the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) is induced by AgNPs in the plant cell. Many studies showed that ROS production is significantly increased in plants after exposure to AgNPs. There are four kinds of ROS produced in plant cells, involving singlet oxygen (1O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2·−), and hydroxyl radical (HO·).To prevent plant the oxidative damage induced by abiotic stress, it produces antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX) which are most importantly involved in the scavenging system of ROS (Oidaira et al. 2000).

In this study, both RAPD and SRAP markers scored almost the same polymorphism 36.99 and 37.5%, respectively. Furthermore, banana plants treated with 50 ppm AgNPs post-BBTV inoculation exhibited new bands with different molecular sizes, using both RAPD and SRAP markers. Whereas, SRAP analysis gave the highest number of unique markers, compared with RAPD due to SRAP targets the coding region ORFs (open reading frames) (Liao et al. 2012). Exons are usually rich with GC contents and the ‘CCGG’ sequence in the core of the forward SRAP primers is designed to target such coding sequences (Shao et al. 2010; Kaewpongumpa et al. 2016). Besides, the RAPD primers amplify both coding and non-coding DNA sequence of the banana genome, but when it amplifies in one region it does not amplify in another, so decrease the possibility of amplifying the most polymorphic sequences (McGregor et al. 2000). Our results reveal that 50 ppm AgNPs treatment post-virus inoculation induced a few changes in the banana plant genome. These changes were demonstrated on agarose gels by appearance or disappearance of some bands, compared with the healthy, nano, and viral controls. The appearance of novel loci may be ascribing modifications in the genomic DNA (Lee et al. 2013). However, the absence of DNA loci is characterized as DNA disintegration or rearrangements of genetic materials (Venkatachalam et al. 2017). Hassan et al. (2019) used RAPD and Direct amplification of minisatellite-region DNA (DAMD) techniques to detect DNA change in olive plants subject to different concentrations of silver or selenium nanoparticles. Changes in RAPD and DAMD profiles were determined based on the appearance or disappearance of loci. The polymorphism percentages in olive plantlets treated with 5 and 10 mg/L silver nanoparticles and 2.5 and 5 mg/L selenium nanoparticles were 41.10 to 41.46% using RAPD and DAMD profiles, respectively. New amplicons obtained from genomic DNA amplified from the nanoparticles treated olive plants indicted the dependency on the nanomaterial concentration and primer (Hassan et al. 2019).

In this work, it was observed that 50 ppm AgNPs treatment post-virus inoculation induced low genetic toxicity at the genomic level in banana plants whereas, a number of disappeared DNA fragments were low. These findings suggest that the impact of AgNPs in BBTV resistance, whereas genotoxicity level of 50 ppm AgNPs in banana plants was low.

Conclusions

Banana crop faces many challenges, particularly viral diseases, e.g., BBTV. Nanotechnological approaches were used to generate resistance against plant viruses. In this study, 50 ppm AgNPs treatment post-BBTV inoculation showed a significant reduction in BBTV replication when compared with non-treated ones. Besides, 50 ppm AgNPs led to significant changes in growth parameters (dry weight and leaf area), oxidative enzymes, phenol and proline. However, from the molecular perspective, DNA change estimated using the RAPD and SRAP assays showed different patterns of loci between untreated and treated banana plants. These results are valuable in the future use of AgNPs as virucidal agents for crop protection.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this work already exist in this published article.

Abbreviations

AgNPs:

Silver nanoparticles

BBTV:

Banana bunchy top virus

CAT:

Catalase

CTAB:

Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide

DAMD:

Direct amplification of minisatellite-region DNA

DAS-ELISA:

Double antibody sandwich-Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

POX:

Peroxidase

PPO:

Polyphenol oxidase

RAPD:

Random amplified polymorphic DNA

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SRAP:

Sequence-related amplified polymorphism

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the National Research Centre (NRC), Faculty of Science, Benha University and Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University for their efforts.

Funding

This study was not funded by any institution or any other entity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Egypt

    Heba A. Mahfouze & Sherin A. Mahfouze

  2. Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

    Noha K. El-Dougdoug

Authors
  1. Heba A. Mahfouze
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  2. Noha K. El-Dougdoug
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  3. Sherin A. Mahfouze
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Contributions

All authors collected the theoretical details from the previous studies. Heba A. Mahfouze performed laboratory experiments such as oxidative enzymes, extraction of DNA, RAPD and SRAP markers, Noha K. El-Dougdoug achieved the reaction of BBTV strain with AgNPs concentrations on tested banana plants, determination of plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments and bioactive components and Sherin A. Mahfouze carried out statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Heba A. Mahfouze.

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Mahfouze, H.A., El-Dougdoug, N.K. & Mahfouze, S.A. Virucidal activity of silver nanoparticles against Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) in banana plants. Bull Natl Res Cent 44, 199 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00433-6

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