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Bulletin of the National Research Centre
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  • Research
  • Open Access

Changes in tryptophan and phenylalanine in chronic HCV patients treated with direct acting antiviral (sofosbuvir)

  • 1Email author,
  • 2,
  • 2,
  • 3,
  • 2 and
  • 4
Bulletin of the National Research Centre201842:21

https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-018-0023-4

©  The Author(s) 2018

  • Received: 18 June 2018
  • Accepted: 29 October 2018
  • Published:

Abstract

Background

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a global public health challenge, and new drugs have been authorized for its treatment. The current study aimed to detect the change in blood levels of tryptophan and phenylalanine with the recent therapy direct-acting antiviral (sofosbuvir).

Methods

This case-controlled study was conducted on HCV patients including 40 treated with direct-acting antiviral (sofosbuvir), 40 untreated underestimations of full medical history, and laboratory tests involved ELISA assay and real-time (RT) PCR technique as well as measuring tryptophan and phenylalanine by HPLC-UV, in addition to 20 apparently healthy subjects served as a control group.

Results

There is a high statistical significant decrease in tryptophan and increase in phenylalanine in treated cases than untreated cases and control groups. This study showed that phenylalanine at the cutoff of 2.13 μg/ml had 96.9% sensitivity and 62.5% specificity among treated cases; also, tryptophan at the cutoff of 8.53 ng/ml had 81.2% sensitivity and 75% specificity to predict severe depression. There is a statistically significant increase in tryptophan and decrease in phenylalanine in mild/moderate than very severe depression.

Conclusion

Direct-acting antiviral (sofosbuvir) causes a decrease in tryptophan levels and increase in phenylalanine levels that as a result leading to depressive symptoms as adverse effects, so advising by dietary supplements of tryptophan for patients treated from chronic HCV by direct-acting antiviral (sofosbuvir).

Keywords

  • Tryptophan
  • Phenylalanine
  • Sofosbuvir

Introduction

One of the countries most affected by HCV is Egypt. The Egypt Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) measured antibody prevalence among the adult population aged 15–59 years at 14.7% in 2009 and at 10.0% in 2015 (Kandeel et al. 2017).

The most effective initial therapy for patients was peg interferon in combination with ribavirin. With this two-drug regimen, about 40% of patients achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) (Razavi et al. 2014; McHutchison et al. 1998). Current treatment of chronic HCV is direct-acting antiviral (sofosbuvir included or sofosbuvir-free protocol) proven to be the best treatment for HCV infection giving an efficacy of 95% (Osinusi et al. 2013).

The mechanism of action of sofosbuvir by inhibiting the viral protein replication (nonstructural protein) is considered as NS5B inhibitors (Pfaender et al. 2016; Pan et al. 2016). Tryptophan is essential amino acids, used as building blocks in protein biosynthesis, and proteins are required to sustain life (Kumar et al. 2009). Tryptophan plays special roles in “anchoring” membrane proteins within the cell membrane. In addition, tryptophan functions as a biochemical precursor serotonin, melatonin, niacin, and auxins (Stepanova et al. 2008).

Phenylalanine is a precursor for tyrosine, monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), and the skin pigment melanin (Sajadi 2011). The interferon proved to have depressed symptoms by decreasing tryptophan level and increasing phenylalanine level (Zoller et al. 2012).

Direct-acting antiviral (sofosbuvir) can cause an alteration of the tryptophan (try) level, and also, the essential amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) has been observed in patients suffering from inflammatory conditions and a consequently reduced synthesis of serotonin. The interferon proved to have depressed symptoms by decreasing tryptophan level and increasing phenylalanine level (Kattakuzhy et al. 2015).

The current study is a novel study first to be done in Egypt, aimed to investigate the effect of therapy direct acting antiviral (sofosbuvir) on the change of blood levels of tryptophan and phenylalanine that could be detected by HPLC-UV on the development of depression in treated and untreated patients affected by chronic HCV.

Subjects and methods

Subjects

This case-controlled study was conducted on 80 HCV patients attending Internal Medicine Department at Benha University Hospitals in addition to (Oxenkrug et al. 2014) apparently healthy subjects served as control group from January 2016 to May 2017. Laboratory work was done in the Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department; subjects were classified into three groups as follows:

Group Ι—included 40 patients with HCV under treatment.

Group II—included 40 patients with HCV before treatment.

Group III—included (Oxenkrug et al. 2014) apparently healthy individuals (control group).

Diagnosis of chronic HCV depends on HCV Ab positive > 6 months.

Ethical approval

This study protocol was approved by an ethical review board of Benha University. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient included in the study. The study protocol is according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (Idänpään-Heikkilä 2001).

Inclusion criteria

The following are the inclusion criteria:
  1. 1.

    Patients > 18 years old

     
  2. 2.

    Patients with liver cirrhosis

     
  3. 3.

    Patients with HCV (confirmed by serological tests and PCR)

     

Exclusion criteria

The following are the exclusion criteria:
  1. 1.

    Patients < 18 years old

     
  2. 2.

    Other causes of liver cirrhosis other than chronic HCV infection (HBV, autoimmune cirrhosis, biliary cirrhosis)

     

Methods

All participants were subjected to the following:
  1. 1.

    Full history taking and clinical examination.

     
  2. 2.

    Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS Scale) is a multiple item questionnaire used to provide an indication of depression and as a guide to evaluate recovery (HDRS-17 n.d.). A score of 0–7 is generally accepted to be within the normal range, while a score of 20 or higher indicates at least moderate severity.

     
  3. 3.
    Laboratory investigation including:
    1. (a)

      Sampling—6 mm of venous blood was drawn under aseptic conditions and distributed as follows.

       
     
  1. i.

    -Complete liver functions (ALT, AST, bilirubin and Albumin

     
  2. ii.

    -Quantitative detection of HCV by Real-time PCR technique.

     

Principle—TaqMan real-time PCR assays consist of target-specific primers and one or more probes optimized for specific types of measurements. TaqMan probes consist of a fluorophore covalently attached to the 5′-end of the oligonucleotide probe and a quencher at the 3′-end (Arya et al. 2005).

  1. iii.

    -Plasma level of tryptophan and phenylalanine.

     
  1. (b)

    Principle

     
The sample vials were contained in 50 μ of the internal standard, and the calibrator was reconstituted. The vials were mixed briefly on a vortex mixer. The sample vials were lifted for 15 min at 2–8 °C then centrifuged at 10.000g for 5 min; 20 μl of the supernatant was injected for chromatography column (Eagle column (IC4000rp with 125 mm × 4 mm) into the HPLC-system with UV detector at 210 nm for 10 min at 30 °C. Before use, the system was equilibrated with ca. 30 ml ELU. Phenylalanine tryptophan HPLC assay 6/10 catalog number: PNL31-H100 www.EagleBio.com using HPLC Hewlett Packard 1100 instrument, Japan.
  1. (c)

    Calculation of analytical results

     

Conc. sample (mg/dl) = peak area patient × conc. calibrator (mg/dl) × F/peak area IS patient.

F = calibrator the of IS area peak/peak area analyte of the calibrator.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using the statistical program for social sciences, SSPS version 18.0 (Chicago, USA). Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± SD, and qualitative data were expressed as frequency and percentage. Independent samples t test of significance was used when comparing two means; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to find the overall predictivity of parameters and find the best cutoff value for detection; along with sensitivity and specificity, univariant analysis was performed for each variable followed by multivariate analysis to detect factors predictors for depression. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two nonparametric quantitative variables p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

There is no statistically significant difference between the three groups regarding age or sex. All results of liver function tests are present in Table 1. There are eight cases with a low quantitative level of HCV-RNA in the treated group, 11 cases with intermediate viremia, 20 with high viral load, and 1 with very high viral load (mean 21.55 × 105 with Std. deviation of 27.25). On the other hand, the viral load in the untreated case was mean 127.1 × 105 with Std. deviation of 57.0. There are eight cases with D.M, another eight cases with D.M. associated with hypertension, four cases with diabetes and obesity, and two cases with ischemic heart disease associated with hypertension.
Table 1

Comparing the studied groups regarding liver function tests

Variable

Untreated HCV cases (n = 40)

Treated HCV cases (n = 40)

Controls (n = 20)

KW test

p

Mean

± SD

Range

Mean

± SD

Range

Mean

± SD

Range

Age (years)

45.8

11.0

22–65

51.5

12.2

32–77

46.1

12.6

20–67

ANOVA 2.66

0.075 (NS)

ALT (U/l)

24.7

7.54

13–37

28.3

11.56

13–51

18.9

6.02

10–33

9.42

0.009 (S)

AST (U/l)

28.9

8.28

19–44

36.6

11.03

20–60

25.8

6.69

16–38

17.8

< 0.001 (HS)

Albumin (g/dl)

3.95

0.66

2.1–5.1

3.90

0.64

2.2–4.9

4.13

0.50

3.6–5.1

0.62

0.73 (NS)

Total bilirubin (mg/dl)

1.01

0.44

0.6–2.22

0.98

0.42

0.6–2.3

0.75

0.11

0.56–0.92

5.25

0.072 (NS)

Direct bilirubin (mg/dl)

0.28

0.26

0.1–0.97

0.26

0.18

0.11–0.92

0.15

0.04

0.1–0.21

7.22

0.027 (S)

KW Kruskal-Wallis test, NS non significant, S significant, HS highly significant

There is a high statistical significant decrease in tryptophan in treated cases than untreated cases and control groups applying post hoc test (Bonferroni test). On the other hand, there is a high statistical significant increase in phenylalanine in treated cases than control and untreated groups. There is a high statistical significant increase in HDRS in treated cases (34.7 ± 9.37) than untreated cases (6.5 ± 5.3) and control group (3.0 ± 3.89), Table 2.
Table 2

Comparing the studied groups regarding amino acids

Variable

Untreated HCV cases (n = 40)

Treated HCV cases (n = 40)

Controls (n = 20)

KW test

p

Mean

± SD

Range

Mean

± SD

Range

Mean

± SD

Range

Tryptophan (μg/ml)

12.8

0.66

11.9–14.45

7.08

2.46

3.42–12.22

12.8

0.55

3.42–13.9

69.9

< 0.001 (HS)

Phenylalanine (ng/ml)

1.23

0.41

0.57–2.24

2.46

0.29

2.07–2.99

0.93

0.31

0.41–1.51

71.9

< 0.001 (HS)

HDRS

6.5

5.30

0–24

34.7

9.37

13–50

3.0

3.89

0–16

73.8

< 0.001 (HS)

HS highly significant

There is a statistically significant difference between studied groups regarding the severity of depression. There is a statistically significant increase in tryptophan and decrease in phenylalanine in mild/moderate than very severe depression Table 3.
Table 3

Amino acids levels according to severity of depression among the treated group

Variable

Mild/moderate (n = 4)

Severe (n = 4)

Very severe (n = 32)

KW test

p

Mean

± SD

Range

Mean

± SD

Range

Mean

± SD

Range

Tryptophan (μg/ml)

9.34

3.77

3.79–12.2

8.87

0.80

7.89–9.6

6.57

2.20

3.42–11.58

7.32

0.026 (S)

Phenylalanine (ng/ml)

2.09

0.02

2.07–2.13

2.34

0.17

2.12–2.55

2.52

0.28

2.11–2.99

11.4

0.003 (S)

S significant

There is a negative correlation between HDRS Scale and tryptophan level and a positive correlation between HDRS Scale and phenylalanine level in the treated group. Fig. 1a, b.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Scatter graph showing a positive correlation between phenylalanine level and HDRS and b negative correlation between tryptophan level and HDRS

This study showed that phenylalanine among treated cases at the cutoff value of 2.13 μg/ml had a sensitivity of 96.9%, a specificity of 62.5%, and area under the curve = 0.848 to predict severe depression. Also, tryptophan levels among treated cases at a cutoff value of 8.53 ng/ml had a sensitivity of 81.2%, a specificity of 75%, and area under the curve = 0.812 to predict severe depression Table 4 and Fig. 2.
Table 4

ROC curve for the performance of amino acids in the prediction of very severe depression among the treated cases

Score

Sens %

Spec %

PPV %

NPV %

Accuracy %

AUC

95% CI

P

Phenylalanine ≥ 2.13 μg/ml

96.9

62.5

91.1

83.3

92.5

0.848

0.7–0.99

0.003 (S)

Tryptophan ≤ 8.53 ng/ml

81.2

75

92.8

50

80

0.812

0.62–1.0

0.007 (S)

S significant

Fig. 2
Fig. 2

ROC curve for the performance of phenylalanine (a) and tryptophan (b) in the prediction of very severe depression among the treated cases

Applying multiple linear regression analysis, blood phenylalanine and tryptophan levels are significant (p < 0.05 for both) predictors of HDRS among treated group Table 5.
Table 5

Multiple linear regression for the predictors of HDRS scale of depression among the treated group

Model summary

R 2

Adjusted R2

SEE

F

p value

0.553

0.529

6.8

22.9

< 0.001 (HS)

Variable

Unstandardized coefficients

Standardized coefficients

95% CI of B

t

p

B

Std. error

Beta

(Constant)

− 15.05

6.4

–

− 38.2 to − 8.1

3.37

< 0.001 (HS)

Phenylalanine

22.2

3.79

0.655

14.1 to 30.2

5.59

< 0.001 (HS)

Tryptophan

− 5.78

0.47

− 0.294

− 7.74 to − 1.75

2.15

0.031 (S)

S significant, HS highly significant

Discussion

Peg IFN proved to have depressive symptoms in chronic HCV patients by altering levels of tryptophan and phenylalanine. Also, our study proved that direct-acting antiviral (sofosbuvir) has the same side effects, as the two therapies having the same mechanism.

This study showed that increasing phenylalanine among treated cases at a cutoff of 2.13 μg/ml phenylalanine had 96.9% sensitivity, 62.5% specificity, and area under the curve of 0.848 with significant p value (0.003) to predict severe depression. Also, decreasing tryptophan levels among treated cases at a cutoff of 8.53 ng/ml had 81.2% sensitivity, 75% specificity, and area under the curve of 0.812 with significant p value of 0.007 to predict severe depression. Yang et al. found that with a bad prognosis of liver cirrhosis in HCV patients to hepatocellular carcinoma, the IDO level increases and converts tryptophan to kynurenine, so decreasing tryptophan level according to the fibrotic degree without the antiviral therapy, which is in contrast with our results (Yang et al. 2018).

Also Mehraj and Routy reported that in a chronic viral infection that was not cleared during acute infection highjacks the host immune response to create a state of disease tolerance via kynurenine catabolites via IDO-mediated pathway of tryptophan, so that confirming the hypothesis that kynurenine causing immunosuppression to the host (Mehraj and Routy 2015). Another result is done by Murakami et al. that agree with our result that reported IDO gene deletion in mice leading to increasing destruction of tryptophan (↓level) and that resulting in (↑) kynurenine and low serotonin level leading to high degree of depression (Murakami et al. 2016).

Also, the previous results confirmed that result which is done by Zoller.et al. who reported that viral IL28B polymorphism with C/C genotype in chronic HCV patients showed that highest rate of tryptophan destruction with kynurenine production (high KYN/TRP ratio) leading to immunosuppression, and T/T genotype showed the lowest rate (Zoller et al. 2015).

As our result proved that lowering tryptophan and increasing phenylalanine causing different depression degrees by using HDRS that study agreed with result done by Comai et al. who confirmed that increased IDO-mediated TRP metabolism along kynurenine pathway leading to TRP depletion and a decline of serotonin pathway leading to development of depressive symptoms observed in HCV patients undergoing IFN-α therapy, concluding that the antiviral therapy causing depressive symptoms via a long pathway starting with tryptophan amino acid as a precursor (Comai et al. 2011).

Also, our result agrees with the result done by Oxenkrug et al., who reported that the elevated tryptophan level may reflect the impairment of tryptophan conversion into serotonin in agreement with the suggested link between serotonin deficiency and depression. So, upregulation of IDO might be an additional risk factor of IFN-α-associated depression. This study confirms that antiviral therapy (IFN-α) causes depression by increasing IDO level that destructs TRP and lowers serotonin (Oxenkrug et al. 2014).

That result can be confirmed again by Loftis et al., results who reported that baseline serotonin level, in combination with other variables such as liver fibrosis degree, may be clinically useful for identifying patients in whom HCV can be cleared by antiviral therapy (Loftis et al. 2010), and that also can be explained by Messaoud et al., who reported that the reduced availability of TRP for serotonin synthesis and increased activation of KYN pathway and cortisol correlate with depression and suicide, so low tryptophan levels may be a biomarker of major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicide in MDD (Messaoud et al. 2018).

Also, Saleem et al.’s results agree with our study reporting that increasing TRP and brain serotonin metabolism change diet-restriction-induced behaviors such as depression, anxiety, and anorexia nervosa (AN). So, they conclude that diet-restriction-induced behavioral changes might be reverted back with the administration of TRP and helpful to improve psychological problems in AN (Saleem et al. 2018).

Also, Zignego et al.’s results agree with our result stating that HCV patients have reduced (− 28%)TRP levels and confirming that they frequently suffer from anxiety and depression-related symptoms (Zignego et al. 2007).

Conclusion

Direct-acting antiviral (sofosbuvir) causes a decrease in tryptophan levels and increase in phenylalanine levels that as a result leading to depressive symptoms as adverse effects, so advising by dietary supplements of tryptophan for patients treated from chronic HCV by direct-acting antiviral (sofosbuvir).

Declarations

Acknowledgements

All authors are grateful to all patients who participated in this study.

Funding

No fund available.

Availability of data and materials

All materials and data are available and cheap.

Authors’ contributions

EGB, SKM, and MAS have substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work and acquisition of data, drafted the work, approved the final version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. EGB, AAA, KAE, and AMH have substantial contributions to the statistical analysis and interpretation of data, drafted the work and revised it critically for important intellectual content, approved the final version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

An approval from the Research Ethics Committee in Banha Faculty of Medicine was obtained according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication

All authors state that they all want to publish this paper in Bulletin of the National Research Centre.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13015, Egypt
(2)
Botany Department, Science Faculty, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
(3)
Microbiology Department, Agriculture Faculty, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
(4)
Internal Medicine Department, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

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© The Author(s) 2018

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