Aina VO, Sambo B, Zakari A, HauwaHaruna MS, Umar H, Akinboboye RM, Mohammed A (2012) Determination of nutritional and anti-nutrient content of Vitis vinifera (grapes) grown in Bomo (Area C) Zaria, Nigeria. Adv J Food Sci Tech. 4:445–448
CAS
Google Scholar
Akintomide AA, Joseph OG, Onibi GE (2018) Heamatology and serim biochemistry of cockerels fed diets containing neem leaf meal. Appl Trop Agric. 23(1):12–16
Google Scholar
Amazu LU, Azikiwe CCA, Njoku CJ, Osuala FN, Nwosu PJC, Ajugwo AO, Enye JC (2014) Anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in experimental animals. Asian Pac J Trop Med.:884–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(10)60212-X
Article
Google Scholar
AOAC (1995) Association of Official Analytical Chemistry. Official methods of analysis 16th ed., Washington DC
Google Scholar
Ayodele SO, Oloruntola OD, Agbede JO (2016) Effect of diet containing Alchornea cordifolia leaf meal on performance and digestibility of Weaner rabbits. World Rabbit Sci. 24:201–206
Article
Google Scholar
Bancroft TD, Stevens A, Turner DR (1996) Theory and practice of histological technique, 4th edn. Churchill, Livingstone, New York
Google Scholar
Benderitter M, Maupoli V, Vergely C, Dalloz F, Briot F, Rochette L (1998) Studies by electron paramagnetic resonance of the importance of iron in hydroxyl scavenging properties of ascorbic acid in plasma: effect of iron chelator. Fundamen Clin Pharmacol 12:510–643
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Brunner JH (1984) Direct spectrophotometer determination of saponin. Animal Chem 34:1324–1326
Google Scholar
Chukwuebuka E, Chinenye IJ (2015) Biological functions and anti-nutritional effects of phytochemicals in living system. J Pharm Biol Sci 10(2):10–19
Google Scholar
Duncan DB (1955) Multiple range and multiple F-tests. Biometrics 11:1–42
Article
MathSciNet
Google Scholar
Fallah R, Kiani A, Azarfar A (2013) A review of the role of five kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in broiler production. J Vet Med Anim Health. 5(11):317–321
CAS
Google Scholar
Gonzalez RM, Angeles HJC (2017) Antibiotic and synthetic growth promoters in animal diets. Review of impact and analytical methods. Food Cont 72:255–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.001
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gyamfi MA, Yonamine M, Aaniya Y (1999) Free radical scavenging action of medicinal herbs from Ghana: Thonningia sanguine on experimentally induced liver injuries. General Pharmacol 32:661–667
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hassan HMA, Youssef AW, El-Daly EF, Abd El-Azeem NA, Hassan ER, Mohamed MA (2014) Performance, caecum bacterial count and ileum histology of broiler fed different direct-fed microbials. Asian J Poult. Sci 8(4):106–114
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ishibashi H, Komori A, Migita K, Nakamura M, Shimoda S (2009) Liver architecture, cell function, and disease. Sem Immunopathol 31(3):399–409
Article
Google Scholar
Julaeha E, Permatasari Y, Mayanti T, Diantini A (2014) Antifertility compound from the seeds of Carica papaya. Procedia Chem 17:66–69
Article
Google Scholar
Kadiri O, Olawoye B, Fawale OS, Adalumo OA (2016) Nutraceutical and antioxidant properties of the seeds, leaves, and fruits of Carica papaya: Potential relevance to human diets, the food industry, and the pharmaceutical industry—a review. Turkish J Agric Techn. 4(2):1039–1052
Article
Google Scholar
Kobayashi H, Wang C, Pomper KW (2008) Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Pawpaw fruit (Asimina triloba L.) at different ripening stages. Hortscience 43:268–270
Article
Google Scholar
Lohiya NK, Manivannan B, Mishra PK, Pathak N, Sriram S, Bhande SS, Panneerdoss S (2002) Chloroform extract of Carica papaya seeds induces long-term reversible azoospermia in Langur monkey. Asian J Androl. 4(1):17–26
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maisarah AM, Asmah R, Fauziah O (2014) Proximate analysis, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of different parts of Carica papaya. J Nutr Food Sci 4:2
Google Scholar
Marra F, Aleffi S, Glastri S, Provenzano S (2009) Mononuclear cells in liver fibrosis. Sem Immunopathol 31(3):345–358
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mitruka BM, Rawnsley HM (1977) Clinical biochemical and hematological reference values in normal experimental animals. Masson Publishing USA, Inc., pp 134–139
Naito M, Hasegawa G, Takahashi K (1997) Development, differentiation, and maturation of Kupffer cells. Microsc Res Tech 39:350–364
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
NRC (1994) National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of poultry, 9th Revised Edition. National Academy Press, Washington D.C
Google Scholar
Nurcahyani N, Busman H, Satyarso S, Rwhmawati PD, Kanedi M (2018) Antispermatogenic effect of seeds extract of papaya (Carica papaya) in Mice. The Pharma Chem J 5(4):18–22
Google Scholar
Oloruntola DA, Dada EO, Osho IB, Ogundolie OO (2017) Effects of hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Tithonia diversifolia on parasitaemia level, serum metabolites and histopathology of organs in Swiss Albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65. Asian J Med. Health 6(2):1–7
Article
Google Scholar
Oloruntola OD (2018) Serum biochemistry and histological studies in growing rabbits fed diets supplemented with Mucuna pruriens leaf meal. Arch Current Res Int 15(1):1–10
Article
Google Scholar
Oloruntola OD, Agbede JO, Ayodele SO, Ayedun ES, Daramola OT, Oloruntola DA (2018b) Gliricidia leaf meal and multi-enzyme in rabbit diet: effect on performance, blood indices, serum metabolites and antioxidant. J Anim Sci Techn 10:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-018-0182-8
Article
Google Scholar
Oloruntola OD, Agbede JO, Ayodele SO, Oloruntola DA (2018c) Neem, pawpaw and bamboo leaf meal dietary supplementation in broiler chicken: Effect on performance and health status. J Food Biochem 2018:e12723. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12723
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Oloruntola OD, Ayodele SO (2017) Pawpaw leaf meal and exo-enzyme in rabbit: Effect on haematological and serum biochemical indices. Asian J Adv Agric Res 2(4):1–8
Google Scholar
Oloruntola OD, Ayodele SO, Agbede JO, Asaniyan EK (2016c) Performance and digestibility of broiler starter fed diets containing Gliricidia sepium leaf meal. Asian J Biol Life Sci 5(1):97–102
CAS
Google Scholar
Oloruntola OD, Ayodele SO, Agbede JO, Oloruntola DA (2016b) Effect of feeding broiler chicken with diets containing Alchornea cordifolia leaf meal and enzyme supplementation. Arch de Zootec 65(252):489–498
Google Scholar
Oloruntola OD, Ayodele SO, Agbede JO, Oloruntola DA, Ogunsipe MH, Omoniyi IS (2016a) Effect of Alchornea cordifolia leaf meal and enzyme supplementation on growth, haematological, immunostimulatory and serum biochemical response of rabbits. Asian J Biol Life Sci 5(2):190–195
CAS
Google Scholar
Oloruntola OD, Ayodele SO, Oloruntola DA (2018a) Effect of pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaf meal and dietary enzymes on broiler performance, digestibility, carcass, and blood composition. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 71:3. https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt
Article
Google Scholar
Pulido R, Bravo L, Saura-Calixto F (2002) Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay. J Agric Food Chem 48:3396–3402
Article
Google Scholar
Shastry GA (1983) Veterinary clinical pathology, 2nd edn. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi
Google Scholar
Soetan KO, Oyewole OE (2009) The need for adequate processing to reduce the antinutritional factors in plants used as human foods and animal feeds: A review. African J Food Sci 3(9):223–232
CAS
Google Scholar
Sofowora A (1993) Medicinal Plants and traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria
Google Scholar
SPSS (2011). Statistical package for social scientists. Version 20. www. spss.com.
Udoh P, Kehinde A (1999) Studies on antifertility effect of pawpaw seeds (Carica papaya) on the gonads of male albino rats. Phytother. Res. 13(3):226–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199905)13:3<226::AID-PTR396>3.0.CO;2-E
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Valenzuela-Grijalva NV, Pinelli-Saavedra AP, Muhlia-Almazan A, Dominguez-Diaz D, Gonzalez-Rios H (2017) Dietary inclusion effects of phytochemicals as growth promoters in animal production. J Anim Sci Tech 59:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-017-0133-9
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wenk C (2003) Herbs and botanicals as feed additives in monogastric animals. Asian-Australian J Anim Sci 16(2):282–289
Article
MathSciNet
Google Scholar
Wick MJ, Leithäuser F, Reimann J (2002) The hepatic immune system. Crit Rev Immunol 22:47–103
Article
CAS
Google Scholar