Skip to main content
Bulletin of the National Research Centre
Bulletin of the National Research Centre Cover Image
Download PDF

The expression of cytochrome P4502J2 gene and 14, 15 epoxyeicosatrienoic acid level influence the amount of insulin secreted from human mesenchymal stem cell-derived insulin-producing cells

Bulletin of the National Research Centre volume 42, Article number: 12 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Insulin-producing cells differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate limited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Cytochrome P450 2J2 and its product epoxyeicosatrienoic acids regulate β-cell function in the human pancreas. The aim of this study is to explore the expression pattern of cytochrome P450 2J2 gene and 14, 15 epoxyeicosatrienoic level along the differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into insulin-producing cells.

Results

The differentiated insulin-producing cells express high levels of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 and insulin gene mRNA. It secretes increasing amounts of C-peptide in response to increasing glucose concentrations than undifferentiated cells. The differentiated insulin-producing cells were found to express reduced amounts of cytochrome P450 2J2 gene mRNA and significant low level of 14, 15 epoxyeicosatrienoic acid than the undifferentiated cells. A strong positive correlation between 14, 15 epoxyeicosatrienoic concentrations and C-peptide released from the differentiated insulin-producing cells was noticed.

Conclusions

Cytochrome P4502J2 and its product 14, 15 epoxyeicosatrienoic might affect insulin secretion from differentiated insulin-producing cells.

Background

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), self-renewable multipotent stromal cells, are usually isolated with relative ease from several organs, including the liver, umbilical cord, and bone marrow (Vanella et al. 2010). Under certain culture conditions, bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can be differentiated into insulin-producing cells (IPCs). It is characterized by expressing both the pancreatic β-cell developmental genes as pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) gene, and functional genes as insulin and glucagon genes (Zanini et al. 2011; Xie et al. 2009; Moriscot et al. 2005). MSC-derived IPCs are not only shown to secrete insulin in response to glucose, but also reverses hyperglycemia in drug-induced diabetic mice (Sun et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2004). Therefore, induction of IPCs offers an approach to supply donor β-cell sources for diabetes cell therapy and screen new anti-diabetic drugs (Xie et al. 2009; Sun et al. 2007; Volarevic et al. 2010).

However, the generation of IPCs from MSCs occurs at a low rate, and most of these induced cells show limited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), which limits basic and clinical applications (Xie et al. 2013). Consequently, understanding metabolic pathways related to IPC induction and insulin secretion has become an essential and vital issues.

Cytochrome P4502J2 (CYP2J2), an arachidonic acid epoxygenase, is widely expressed in various human tissues, such as the heart, lung, blood vessels, liver, kidney, ileuma, and jejunum, and highly expressed in pancreatic Langerhans cells (Xu et al. 2013; Zeldin et al. 1997).

CYP2J2-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), a set of lipid intermediaries, have diverse biological and cytoprotective properties (Sodhi et al. 2009). EETs promote endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis and inhibit apoptosis (Wang et al. 2005). As well, EETs posse an anti-inflammatory effect via the suppression of NF-ĸB and IĸB kinase activity (Node et al. 1999).

Moreover, a significant amount of EETs is produced in the human and rat pancreas, providing biochemical evidence that CYP epoxygenase product may regulate β-cell function (Zeldin et al. 1997). Upon production, 90% of EETs esterifies at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids where they are stored and released according to the cell’s needs (Karara et al. 1991). Free EETs are unstable, either transformed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to the less active dihydroxyepoxytrienoic acids or undergo β oxidation (Abraham et al. 2014).

Earlier reports stated that human MSCs not only exhibit a considerable amount of CYP2J2 and synthesized significant levels of EETs (Kim et al. 2010), but their levels also modulate adipogenesis and cell differentiation in MSC-derived adipocytes (Vanella et al. 2011).

The expression of CYP2J2 gene in differentiated IPCs is not yet investigated. Therefore, we aim in this study to investigate the expression pattern of CYP2J2 gene and 14, 15 EET level along the differentiation of human bone marrow-derived MSCs into IPCs.

Methods

Isolation and culture of human bone marrow-derived MSC (HBM-MSCs)

Bone marrow aspirates (BMA) were obtained from the iliac crest of three non-diabetic adult volunteers (age 35–65 years), during hip replacement surgery under approved protocol by the faculty of medicine ethical committee, Suez Canal University. Written informed consent was obtained from the volunteers. The HBM-MSCs were isolated and cultured as previously described (Gabr et al. 2013).

In brief, mononuclear cells were isolated from BMAs diluted with low glucose DMEM (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium) by density gradient centrifugation in Ficoll-Paque 1.077 g/mL (Lonza BioWhittaker, Belgium). The cells, (5 × 106)/BMA, were cultured in a complete growth medium (low glucose (1 g/L) DMEM,10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin, 1% streptomycin [Lonza BioWhittaker, Belgium], and 1% l-glutamine (Gibco BRL, Life Technologies, UK). After 72 h, the non-adherent cells were discarded. When the adherent cells reached 80% confluence, it is trypsinized and expanded by re-plated for two passages (P1-P2), 8 days each.

Differentiation of HBM-MSCs into IPC

At P3, the homogenous, spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like MSCs were induced to differentiate into IPCs by a three-stage protocol described (Gabr et al. 2013). In short, MSCs were cultured in serum-free, glucose-rich (25 mmol/L) DMEM containing, firstly, 0.5 mmol/L β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma) for 2 days; secondly, 2 mmol/L l-glutamine, 2% B27 supplement (Gibco BRL, Life Technologies, UK), 1% non-essential amino acids, 20 ng/mL epidermal growth factor, and 20 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor (Sigma) for 8 days; and finally, 10 ng/mL activin-A, 10 ng/mL betacellulin, 10 mmol/L nicotinamide (Sigma), and 2% B27 supplement for another 8 days. The medium was replaced at the third day in every stage. At the end of the differentiation protocol (18 days), the cells become spherical and tend to form islet-like clusters.

Flow cytometry characterization of MSC cell markers

At P3, the cells were incubated with the following antibodies against CD105 (FITC), a positive marker of MSC and CD45 (PerCP), CD34 (PE) a negative markers of MSC (BioLegend, USA) as previously described (Gabr et al. 2013).

Evaluation of insulin, PDX-1, and CYP2J2 gene expression by real-time PCR

Total RNA was extracted from undifferentiated MSCs (control) at P3 and differentiating cells at days 18 by QIAamp RNA Blood Mini Kit (Valencia, CA, USA ca. no. 52304). Total RNA was converted to cDNA using QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit (Catalog no. 205311).

Quantitative real-time PCR amplification was done using QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR Kit (Catalog no. 204141, QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, CA, USA), and a step one Real-Time PCR System (ABI PRISM, Applied Biosystem, CA, USA). Relative gene expression was assessed using comparative cycle threshold (CT) to determine the fold change (2−ΔΔCt) of gene expression between samples and normalized to an endogenous reference (GAPDH1 for insulin and PDX-1, GAPDH2 for CYP2J2) (Livak and Schmittgen 2001).

PCR reaction mix

One to 2 μl of the cDNA was amplified in 20 μL total volume including 10 μl of 2x Quantitec SYBR green PCR master Mix (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA), nuclease-free water, and 25 pmol of each of the following primer pair (Table 1).

Table 1 Primers used in this study
Full size table

PCR cycling conditions

Insulin: Initial heat activation 95 °C, 15 s; 30 cycles of denaturation 94 °C, 30 s; annealing 61 °C, 30 s; extension 72 °C, 30 s.

PDX-1: Initial heat activation 95 °C, 15 s; 30 cycles of denaturation 94 °C,30 s; annealing 57 °C,30 s; extension 72 °C, 30 s.

CYP2J2: Initial heat activation 95 °C, 15 s; 45 cycles of denaturation 95 °C, 15 s; annealing 56 °C, 30 s; extension 72 °C, 40 s.

Reactions were performed on a step one Real-Time PCR System (ABI PRISM, Applied Biosystem, CA, USA).

Determination of insulin secretion by differentiated MSCs

Insulin secretion was determined indirectly by evaluating C-peptide release in culture media in response to increasing glucose concentrations. Cells at the end of differentiation were initially incubated for 3 h in glucose-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB) followed by incubation in 3.0 mL of KRB containing 5.5, 12, or 25 mM/L glucose for 1 h. Supernatant C-peptide concentrations were assayed using Human C-Peptide ELISA Kit (Biovendor, cat no. RIS005R) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Determination of 14, 15-DHET level

To investigate the function of CYP2J2, the concentration of 14, 15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (14, 15-DHET), the stable EET metabolite, was measured. Cell culture media of differentiated and undifferentiated MSCs were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. Cell supernatant was collected, and 14, 15-DHET concentration was determined by 14, 15 EET/DHET ELISA Kit (AB175812, ABCAM, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Determination of 14, 15-DHET level in insulin-producing cells

To evaluate the relation between 14, 15-DHET level and C-peptide release, both 14, 15-DHET and C-peptide levels were measured in the cell supernatant of differentiated MSCs obtained from the three donors and incubated in 3.0 mL of KRB containing 25 mM/L glucose for 1 h by 14, 15 EET/DHET ELISA Kit (AB175812, ABCAM, USA), and Human C-Peptide ELISA Kit (Biovendor, cat no. RIS005R) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Data analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V22.0 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Non-parametric data were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test. A P value of < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Morphological characterization of cultured cells

Adherent cells were detected 24 h after culture. The appearance of spindle-shaped MSC-like adherent cells was noticed 3–7 days (3.7 ± 1.6) after onset of culture. With time, the colonies of spindle-shaped adherent MSC-like cells survive and predominate (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure1

a Undifferentiated spindle-shaped HBM-derived MSCs at the end of expansion phase (80% confluence, × 100). b Surface expression of the CD105, CD34, CD45, on HBM-MSC cells at P3. CD105 (endoglin and SH2) was expressed in 60.3 ± 3.6 of cells, while CD34 (hematopoietic stem cell marker) and CD45 (common lymphocytes antigen) were shown to be expressed in 25.1 ± 3.9 and 19.1 ± 1.6 of cells respectively (P = 0.001*)

Full size image

Phonotypical characterization of cultured cells at the end of expansion stag

The surface antigens on the P3 HBM spindle-shaped MSC-like cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. It showed them expressing statistically significant high levels of CD105 compared to CD34 and CD45 (P < 0.05) (Fig. 1).

Validation of IPCs derived from HBM-MSCs

P3 HBM-MSCs were induced to differentiate into IPCs by a three-step, 18-day protocol. At day 6 of differentiation, the cells become shorter and began to collect, forming cellular aggregates. With contentious culture, spheroid epithelial-like cells tend to aggregate into islet-like cluster (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure2

Differentiation of hMSCs into insulin-producing cells (IPCs). HBM-MSCs at P3 were induced to differentiate into IPCs by an 18-day protocol. a After 14 days of induction, small round cell aggregates were formed. b At day 18 (the end of differentiation), more islet-like clusters and round epithelial-like cells appeared

Full size image

mRNA expression of pancreatic development transcription factor, PDX1, and endocrine-related marker gene, insulin, were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The gene transcripts of the differentiated cells are compared with that of undifferentiated hMSCs (control). The expression of PDX-1 and insulin genes in the differentiated cells was significantly higher than undifferentiated cells (P < 0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2 Relative expression of PDX-1, insulin, CYP2J2 genes, and 14, 15-DHET conc. level before and after differentiation of HBM-MSCs to IPCs
Full size table

At the end of the differentiation protocol, the differentiated cells were found to secrete increasing amounts of C-peptide in response to increasing glucose concentrations (P < 0.05). C-peptide is released when pro-insulin is cleaved to insulin, and as such, it has been considered as a marker for insulin secretion (Table 3).

Table 3 In vitro C-peptide release in response to increasing glucose concentration
Full size table

CYP2J2 gene expression and 14, 15-DHET level before and after differentiation

The differentiated IPCs express non-significant reduced amounts of CYP2J2 gene mRNA than the undifferentiated HBM-MSCs cells (P = 0.31) (Table 2).

In addition, the 14, 15-DHET, which measured to represent levels of EETs production, was reduced significantly in the differentiated IPCs than the undifferentiated MSCs cells (P < 0.05) (Table 2).

Relation between 14, 15 DHET concentration and C-peptide release

Increasing 14, 15-DHET concentration was associated with increase in C-peptide released from differentiated IPCs incubated in KRB containing 25 mM/L glucose (Table 4).

Table 4 14, 15-DHET concentrations and C-peptide released from differentiated IPCs incubated in KRB containing 25 mM/L glucose
Full size table

Non-parametric Spearman correlation between 14, 15-DHET concentrations and C-peptide released from IPCs shows statistically significant strong positive correlation between them (rho = 1.000, P < 0.01) (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure3

Spearman correlation between 14, 15 EET concentrations and C-peptide amount released from differentiated IPCs incubated in 25 mM/L glucose

Full size image

Discussion

Earlier studies reported an induction of limited functional insulin-producing cells, from bone marrow-derived MSCs of human origin, upon re-programming in vitro (Xin et al. 2016; Gabr et al. 2015; Jafarian et al. 2015).

In the current study, in an attempt to elucidate the reasons under this observation, we studied the expression of CYP2J2 gene and 14, 15 EET level, previously reported to be involved in the regulation of pancreatic β-cell function (Luo and Wang 2011), before and after differentiation of HBM-derived MSCs into IPCs.

For this purpose, HBM-derived plastic adherent cells, isolated from adult healthy donors, were selected (Friedenstein et al. 1976). These cells were expanded for two passages, after the original seed of bone mononuclear cells, to get more uniform hMSCs (Sun et al. 2007; Xin et al. 2016). At the end of the expansion stage, the majority of cells attain spindle-shaped morphology as well as are being positive for MSC marker CD105 (Dominici et al. 2006).

Yet, small populations of the cells were positive for either CD34 or CD45, a result contradicting other researchers (Gabr et al. 2013; Xin et al. 2016; Karnieli et al. 2007). However, considering CD34 and CD45 negative markers for MSCs is debatable. Several studies provided persuasive evidence that uncultured BM-MSCs are CD34+, and they tend to gradually lose CD34 expression during prolonged cell culture (Simmons and Torok-Storb 1991; Suga et al. 2007; Mouiseddine et al. 2008; Stolzing et al. 2012; Lin et al. 2012).

On the other hand, MSCs derived from different adult sources were found to express detectable level of CD45, ranging from 8 to 26% (15%), in early passages, which decreases significantly with successive expansion (Gang et al. 2010; Maleki et al. 2014). Cell culture-associated loss of CD34 and CD45 expression may attribute to either downregulation of CD34/45 proteins or production of modified forms in cultured cells that are nonreactive with CD34/45 antibodies (Watt et al. 1987; Fina et al. 1990).

Other factors could contribute to the different MSC cell surface marker profiles. It may depend on MSC tissue source, medium composition, or passage number (Hass et al. 2011).

Since, in the current study, the cells were expanded for two passages (16 days), which is less than that reported in other studies, five passages (25 days) in Xin et al. (Xin et al. 2016), 2 p (28 days) in Jafarian et al. (Jafarian et al. 2015), and 28 days in Karnieli et al. (2007), which could explain the difference in MSC phenotypic picture. Although the expansion period in the current study was the same as in Gabr et al. (Gabr et al. 2013), the use of l-glutamine in the culture media of this study may contribute to the discrepancy between the results.

In this study, HBM-MSCs were induced to differentiate into IPCs using soluble factors, three-stage protocol that mimicked in vivo pancreatic β-cell formation and development (Gabr et al. 2013). The differentiation is confirmed by the fact that differentiated cells expressing insulin and PDX-1 genes, and secreting C-peptide in response to escalating glucose concentrations, results in concordance with other studies (Gabr et al. 2013; Xin et al. 2016).

In the current study, we assayed the C-peptide release from the differentiated cells to ensure that the IPC cells were synthesizing insulin. Previous studied had argued that the release of insulin from such cells does not indicate intrinsic insulin production. They suggest that insulin could be absorbed from the utilized culture media (B27 containing additional insulin), sequestrated, and re-released upon glucose stimulation (Rajagopal et al. 2003; Hansson et al. 2004; Mc Kiernan et al. 2007).

However, the amount of C-peptide released from IPCs in the current study (8.7 ng/μg protein /hour/25 mM glucose) is modest, representing ≈ 28% of equivalent quantity of C-peptide in pancreatic islet cells at 25 mM glucose concentration (Gabr et al. 2013), a result comparable to that reported by Gabr et al. (Gabr et al. 2013).

Taking into consideration, the IPCs in the current study secrete C-peptide in a glucose-sensitive manner. It is proposed that the defect could be in the insulin release regulatory mechanisms, rather than the mechanism of cellular glucose sensing.

Glucose-stimulated insulin release is a complex process involving full oxidation of glucose by respiratory chain and production of ATP; rise in ATP/ADP ratio results in closer of the KATP-channels, results in depolarization of the plasma membrane followed by opening of the voltage-operated Ca 2+ channels, and leads to influx of and increase of the intracellular Ca2+, which direct insulin granule translocation, and eventually insulin exocytosis (Klett et al. 2013a).

Previous studies considered the role of CYP2J2 and its derivative EETs in the control of insulin secretion. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 decreased glucose-stimulated insulin release and arginine-stimulated insulin from isolated rat pancreatic islets (Zeldin et al. 1997; Falck et al. 1983; Chen et al. 2013). EETs, and their metabolites through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) γ, increase calcium mobilization and insulin secretion, which is mediated by the free fatty acid receptor, G-protein-coupled transmembrane 40 (GPR 40), and GLUT2 expression in pancreatic β-cells (Wray and Bailey 2007; Kim et al. 2013).

In addition, the glycophospholipd-EETs were reported to increase glucose-stimulated-insulin secretion more than free EETs (Klett et al. 2013b; Gangadhariah et al. 2017). Furthermore, decrease EET deprivation, by inhibiting sEH or deleting its encoding gene (Ephx2), results in increased insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion and increases islet survival (Luo et al. 2010).

In the current study, the HBM-MSC-derived IPCs display decreased activity of CYP2J2, as addressed by a decrease in CYP2J2 mRNA expression, and a significant decrease in 14, 15 EET level compared to the undifferentiated hMSCs. In addition, although of small sample size, a statistically significant strong positive correlation between 14, 15 EET concentration and C-peptide released from differentiated IPCs cells was found, as higher concentrations of 14, 15 EET are accompanied by increase in C-peptide released.

As a result, the low amount of insulin released from differentiated IPCs, in the current study, could be attributed to the relatively low 14, 15 EET level in the differentiated cells. 14,15 EET acts in an autocrine manner to affect the intracellular Ca2+ concentration via promoting Ca2+ influx through TRPV4, or TRPC3, and TRPC6 channels (transient receptor potential cation channel) (Campbell and Fleming 2010). In addition, evidence exists that 14, 15 EET markedly alter the activity of KATP channel (Lu et al. 2001). In pancreatic islets, KATP channels are primarily composed of four pore-forming potassium subunits (Kir6.2) and four sulfonylurea receptor regulatory subunits (SUR1). Accumulative data suggests that KATP channels have a role in exocytosis (Ashcroft and Rorsman 2013). SUR1 binds to the exocytosis-regulating protein EPAC2 (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 2) and other exocytotic proteins, such as syntaxin-1A, and the Ca2+ sensor piccolo involved in exocytosis (Kang et al. 2011; Shibasaki et al. 2004).

Decreased expression of CYP2J2gene was also reported by Kim et al. (Kim et al. 2010) and Vanella et al. (Vanella et al. 2010). In such studies, the expression of CYP2J2 and EET level in hMSC-derived adipocytes were significantly lower than the undifferentiated cells.

It is worth noting that our finding of decreased 14, 15 EET that is associated with low insulin secretion from differentiated IPC contradicts with the previous study (Falck et al. 1983) that associates 14, 15 EET to glucagon rather than insulin secretion. The difference in that study is probably due to the use of rat islets that contains glucagon-secreting cells, in contrast to differentiated IPCs in our study. A limitation of this study is the small sample size used in correlation expermints. Further studies with larger sample size are neded to validate the results.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that CYP2J2-derived 14, 15 EET could affect insulin and C-peptide secretion from HBM-MSC-derived IPCs. Further studies are required to verify whether interventions to increase 14, 15 EET by EET agonists and sEH inhibitors could potentiate insulin secretion from MSC-derived IPCs.

Abbreviations

14, 15-DHET:

14, 15-Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid

BM-MSCs:

Bone marrow-derived MSCs

CYP2J2:

Cytochrome P4502J2

EETs:

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids

GSIS:

Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion

hMSCs:

Human mesenchymal stem cells

IPCs:

Insulin-producing cells

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PDX-1:

Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1

References

  1. Abraham NG, Sodhi K, Silvis AM, Vanella L, Favero G, Rezzani R, Schwartzman ML et al (2014) CYP2J2 targeting to endothelial cells attenuates adiposity and vascular dysfunction in mice fed a high-fat diet by reprogramming adipocyte phenotype. Hypertension 64(6):1352–1361

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ashcroft FM, Rorsman P (2013) K (ATP) channels and islet hormone secretion: new insights and controversies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 9:660–669

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Campbell WB, Fleming I (2010) Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and endothelium-dependent responses. Pflugers Archiv 459(6):881–895

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Chen L, Fan C, Zhang Y, Bakri M, Dong H, Morisseau C et al (2013) Beneficial effects of inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase on glucose homeostasis and islet damage in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 104–105:42–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chen, L.B Jiang, X.B Yang, L. Differentiation of rat marrow mesenchymal stem cells into pancreatic islet beta-cells. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10(20):3016–3020

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Dominici M, le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, Deans R, Keating A, Prockop DJ, Horwitz E (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 8(4):315–317

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Falck JR, Manna S, Moltz J, Chacos N, Capdevila J (1983) Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids stimulate glucagon and insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 114:743–749

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Fina L, Molgaard HV, Robertson D, Bradley NJ, Monaghan P, Delia D et al (1990) Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells. Blood 75:2417–2426

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Friedenstein AJ, Gorskaja JF, Kulagina NN (1976) Fibroblast precursors in normal and irradiated mouse hematopoietic organs. Exp Hematol 4:267–274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gabr MM, Zakaria MM, Refaie AF, Ismail AM, Ashamallah SA, Khater SM, El-Halawani SM, Ghoneim MA et al (2013) Insulin-producing cells from adult human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells control streptozotocin-induced diabetes in nude mice. Cell Transplant 22(1):133–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gabr MM, Zakaria MM, Refaie AF, Khater SM, Ashamallah SA, Ismail AM, el-Halawani SM, Ghoneim MA (2015) Differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into insulin-producing cells: evidence for further maturation in vivo. Biomed Res Int 2015:e575837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gang YU, Xiying WU, Dietrich MA, Polk PL, Scott K, Ptitsyn AA, Gimble JM (2010) Yield and characterization of subcutaneous human adipose-derived stem cells by flow cytometric and adipogenic mRNA analyses. Cytotherapy 12:538–546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Gangadhariah MH, Dieckmann BW, Lantier L, Kang L, Wasserman DH, Caskey CF et al (2017) Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids contribute to insulin sensitivity in mice and in humans. Diabetologia 60:1066–1107

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hansson M, Tonning A, Frandsen U, Petri A, Rajagopal J, Englund MC, Heller RS, Håkansson J, Fleckner J, Sköld HN, Melton D, Semb H, Serup P (2004) Artifactual insulin release from differentiated embryonic stem cells. Diabetes 53(10):2603–2609

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hass R, Kasper C, Bohm S, Jacobs R (2011) Different populations and sources of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC): a comparison of adult and neonatal tissue-derived MSC. Cell Commun Signal 9:12

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Jafarian A, Taghikani M, Abroun S, Allahverdi A, Lamei M, Lakpour N, Soleimani M (2015) The generation of insulin-producing cells from human mesenchymal stem cells by MiR-375 and anti-MiR-9. PLoS One 10(6):e0128650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kang Y, Zhang Y, Liang T, Leung YM, Ng B, Xie H, Gaisano HY (2011) ATP modulates interaction of syntaxin-1A with sulfonylurea receptor 1 to regulate pancreatic β-cell KATP channels. J Biol Chem 286(7):5876–5883

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Karara A, Dishman E, Falck JR, Capdevila JH (1991) Endogenous epoxyeicosatrienoyl-phospholipids. A novel class of cellular glycerolipids containing epoxidized arachidonate moieties. J Biol Chem 266:7561–7569

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Karnieli O, Izhar-Prato Y, Bulvik S, Efrat S (2007) Generation of insulin-producing cells from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by genetic manipulation. Stem Cells 25:2837–2844S

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim DH, Vanella L, Inoue K, Burgess A, Gotlinger K, Manthati VL, Koduru SR et al (2010) Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid agonist regulates human mesenchymal stem cell–derived adipocytes through activation of HO-1-pAKT signaling and a decrease in PPARg. Stem Cells Dev 19:12

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kim HS, Hwang YC, Koo SH, Park KS, Lee MS, Kim KW, Lee MK (2013) PPAR-γ activation increases insulin secretion through the up-regulation of the free fatty acid receptor GPR40 in pancreatic β-cells. PLoS One 8(1):e50128

    ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Klett EL, Chen S, Edin ML, Li LO, Ilkayeva O, Zeldin DC, Newgard CB, Coleman RA (2013a) Diminished acyl-CoA synthetase isoform 4 activity in INS 832/13 cells reduces cellular epoxyeicosatrienoic acid levels and results in impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 288:21618–21629

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Klett EL, Chen S, Edin ML et al (2013b) Diminished acyl-CoA synthetase isoform 4 activity in INS 832/13 cells reduces cellular epoxyeicosatrienoic acid levels and results in impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 288(30):21618–21629

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lin G, Xin Z, Zhang H, Banie L, Wang G, Qiu X et al (2012) Identification of active and quiescent adipose vascular stromal cells. Cytotherapy 14:240–246

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔC T method. Methods 25(4):402–408

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lu T, Hoshi T, Weintraub NL, Spector AA, Lee HC (2001) Activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels by epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in rat cardiac ventricular myocytes. J Physiol 537(3):811–827

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Luo P, Chang HH, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Hwang SH, Morisseau C, Wang MH (2010) Inhibition or deletion of soluble epoxide hydrolase prevents hyperglycemia, promotes insulin secretion, and reduces islet apoptosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 334(2):430–438

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Luo P, Wang MH (2011) Eicosanoids, β-cell function, and diabetes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 95:1–4

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Maleki M, Ghanbarv F, Behvarz MR, Ejtemaei M, Ghadirkhomi E (2014) Comparison of mesenchymal stem cell markers in multiple human adult stem cells. Int J Stem Cells 7:118–126

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Mc Kiernan E, Barron NW, O’Sullivan F, Barham P, Clynes M, O’Driscoll L (2007) Detecting de novo insulin synthesis in embryonic stem cell-derived populations. Exp Cell Res 313(7):1405–1414

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Moriscot C, De Fraipont F, Richard M, Marchand M, Savatier P, Bosco D, Favrot M, Benhamou P (2005) Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can express insulin and key transcription factors of the endocrine pancreas developmental pathway upon genetic and/or microenvironmental manipulation in vitro. Stem Cells 23(4):594–603

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Mouiseddine M, Mathieu N, Stefani J, Demarquay C, Bertho JM (2008) Characterization and histological localization of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in the human postnatal thymus. Stem Cells Dev 17:1165–1174

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Node K, Huo Y, Ruan X, Yang B, Spiecker M, Ley K, Zeldin DC, Liao JK (1999) Anti-inflammatory properties of cytochrome P450 epoxygenase-derived eicosanoids. Science 285:1276–1279

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Rajagopal J, Anderson WJ, Kume S, Martinez OI, Melton DA (2003) Insulin staining of ES cell progeny from insulin uptake. Science 299(5605):363

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Shibasaki T, Sunaga Y, Fujimoto K, Kashima Y, SEINO S (2004) Interaction of ATP sensor, cAMP sensor, Ca2+ sensor, and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel in insulin granule exocytosis. J Biol Chem 279:7956–7961

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Simmons PJ, Torok-Storb B (1991) Identification of stromal cell precursors in human bone marrow by a novel monoclonal antibody, STRO-1. Blood 78:55–62

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sodhi K, Inoue K, Gotlinger KH, Canestraro M, Vanella L, Kim DH, Manthati VL et al (2009) Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid agonist rescues the metabolic syndrome phenotype of HO-2-nullmice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 331:906–916

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Stolzing A, Bauer E, Scutt AM (2012) Suspension cultures of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells: effects of donor age and glucose level. Stem Cells Dev 21(14):2718–2723

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Suga H, Shigeura T, Matsumoto D, Inoue K, Kato H, Aoi N et al (2007) Rapid expansion of human adipose-derived stromal cells preserving multipotency. Cytotherapy 9:738–745

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Sun Y, Chen L, Hou XG, Hou WK, Dong JJ, Sun L et al (2007) Differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from diabetic patients into insulin-producing cells in vitro. Chin Med J 120(9):771–776

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Vanella L, Kim DH, Asprinio D, Peterson SJ, Barbagallo I, Vanella A, Abraham NG (2010) HO-1 expression increases mesenchymal stem cell-derived osteoblast but decreases adipocyte lineage. Bone 46(1):236

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Vanella L, Kim DH, Sodhi K, Barbagallo I, Burgess AP, Falck JR, Abraham NG (2011) Crosstalk between EET and HO-1 downregulates Bach1 and adipogenic marker expression in mesenchymal stem cell derived adipocytes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 96:54–62

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Volarevic V, Al-Qahtani A, Arsenijevic N, Pajovic S, Lukic ML (2010) Interleukin-1receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and IL-1Ra producing mesenchymal stem cells as modulators of diabetogenesis. Autoimmunity 43:255–263

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Wang Y, Wei X, Xiao X, Hui R, Card JW, Carey MA, Wang DW, Zeldin DC (2005) Arachidonic acid epoxygenase metabolites stimulate endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis via mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314:522–532

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Watt SM, Karhi K, Gatter K, Furley AJ, Katz FE, Healy LE et al (1987) Distribution and epitope analysis of the cell membrane glycoprotein (HPCA-1) associated with human hemopoietic progenitor cells. Leukemia 1:417–426

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wray J, Bailey DB (2007) Epoxygenases and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in mammalian vascular biology. Exp Physiol 93(1):148–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Xie H, Wang Y, Zhang H, Qi H, Zhou H, Li FR (2013) Role of injured pancreatic extract promotes bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells efficiently differentiate into insulin-producing cells. PLoS One 8(9):e76056

    ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Xie QP, Huang H, Xu B, Dong X, Gao SL, Zhang B, Wu YL (2009) Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into insulin-producing cells upon micro-environmental manipulation in vitro. Differentiation 77:483–491

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Xin Y, Jiang X, Wang Y, Su X, Sun M, Zhang L et al (2016) Insulin-producing cells differentiated from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro amel iorate streptozotocin-induced diabetic hyperglycemia. PLoS ONE 11(1):e0145838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Xu M, Ju W, Hao H, Wang G, Li P (2013) Cytochrome P450 2J2: distribution, function, regulation, genetic polymorphisms and clinical significance. Drug Metab Rev 45(3):311–352

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Zanini C, Bruno S, Mandili G, Baci D, Cerutti F, Cenacchi G, Izzi L, Camussi G, Forni M (2011) Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from pancreatic islets and bone marrow into islet-like cell phenotype. PLoS One 6(12):e28175

    ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Zeldin DC, Foley J, Boyle JE, Moomaw CR, Tomer KB, Parker C, Steenbergen C, Wu S (1997) Predominant expression of an arachidonate epoxygenase in islets of Langerhans cells in human and rat pancreas. Endocrinology 138:1338–1346

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledged the members of oncology diagnostic unit and Center of Excellence Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University.

Funding

The research was funded by the researchers.

Availability of data and materials

All relevant data are included within the paper. Raw data are available from the corresponding author for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Suez Canal Faculty of Medicine, Ismailia, 411522, Egypt

    Loaa A. Tag Eldeen, Marow El Sheikh & Salwa Faisal

Authors
  1. Loaa A. Tag Eldeen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marow El Sheikh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Salwa Faisal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The authors contributed equally in this research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Loaa A. Tag Eldeen.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was approved by the faculty of medicine ethical committee, Suez Canal University.

A written informed consent was obtained from the participants.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tag Eldeen, L.A., El Sheikh, M. & Faisal, S. The expression of cytochrome P4502J2 gene and 14, 15 epoxyeicosatrienoic acid level influence the amount of insulin secreted from human mesenchymal stem cell-derived insulin-producing cells. Bull Natl Res Cent 42, 12 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-018-0015-4

Download citation

Keywords

  • Insulin-producing cells
  • Cytochrome P4502J2
  • 14, 15 Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid
  • Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 mRNA
  • Insulin mRNA
  • Human mesenchymal stem cells