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Allelopathic potential of the pea seed powder as natural herbicide for controlling weeds infested wheat plants

Bulletin of the National Research Centre volume 43, Article number: 193 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Allelopathy is an alternative safe strategy for chemical herbicides in controlling weeds. So, two successive greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the phytotoxicity of pea seed powder on two weeds chard- (broad leaf) and canary grass (grass weed)-infested wheat. Pea seed powder was added to the soil surface at successive rates 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g/pot. The pots were cultivated on time (at sowing application) or 1 week after the addition of the pea seed powder.

Results

The results indicated that the pea seed powder at 100 g/pot controlled more than 70–80% of both weeds in comparison to the corresponding controls. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of the pea seed powder on weeds was accompanied by increases in the growth as well as photosynthetic pigments content and consequently wheat yield especially at 80 g/pot.

Conclusion

This study suggested that the pea seed powder has allelopathic and phytotoxic effects that controlled investigated weeds in wheat. Analysis of the allelopathic pea seed powder at the applied rates revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Both allelopathic compounds showed high levels with increasing the pea seed powder rate. The mixing of pea seed powder with the soil surface at 80 g/pot 1 week before sowing was the most efficient treatment in controlling weeds under investigation that consequently achieved the highest wheat yield.

Background

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. It is considered as the main source of food in Egypt. Weeds are the most important class of pests that interfere with crop plants through competition resulting in direct loss to quantity and quality of the yield (Khaliq et al. 2011). It was reported that grassy and broad-leaved weeds caused 48–65% yield loss in wheat (Khan and Haq 2002; El-Rokiek et al. 2014). Recent studies found that allelopathy can be considered as an important mechanism of plant invasions (El-Rokiek et al. 2018). Allelopathic plants release secondary metabolites to the surrounding environment in a phenomenon called allelopathy (Sbai et al. 2016). These secondary metabolites are called allelochemicals or allelopathic compounds which may be phytotoxic or stimulators to the neighboring plants (Rice 1984). Using allelopathy in weed control is a strategy to overcome the resistance generated from the continuous use of the herbicides (Duke et al. 2001) and minimize environmental pollution (Al-Samarai et al. 2018). In general, many workers controlled weeds using different parts of allelopathic plants (El-Rokiek et al. 2014, 2017, 2018; Ahmed et al. 2018; Al-Samarai et al. 2018). It was documented that some leguminous plants have allelopathic property such as in Pea (Akemo et al. 2000 and Kato-Noguchi 2003), Vicia villosa (Kamo et al. 2006), Mucuna\pruriens (Fujii 2001), Medicago sativa (Xuan et al. 2003), Glycin Max (Huber and abney 1986; Xiao et al. 2006; Yan and yang 2008), Cicer arietinum (Yasmin et al. 1999), Trifolium pretense (Qasem 2006) and Vigna unguiculata (Narwal and Haouala 2013). Likewise, Hill et al. 2006 and Hill et al. 2007 reported that the residual extracts of both Vicia villosa and Vigna unguiculata reduced germination as well as radicle growth of Stellaria media, Amaranthus retroflexus, Daucus carota, and Solanum lycopersicum. Poonpaiboonpipattana et al. 2015 studied the allelopathy of dried powders of 12 leguminous plants on germination, shoot and root growth of Echinochloa crus-galli. The authors recorded great suppression especially by Centrosema pascuorum, Clitoria ternatea and Stylosanthes guianensis. The uses of bioherbicides have a dual purpose: the first is to minimize the use of chemical herbicides to reduce environmental pollution. The second is to overcome the resistance of weeds against chemical herbicides.

Object

To know in what way mixing pea seed powder can participate in controlling weeds (chard and canarygrass) associated wheat plants.

Materials and methods

Preparation of allelopathic materials

Seeds of pea (Pisum sativum) were obtained from the Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Healthy seeds were ground to fine powder, weighed, and prepared for the experiment.

Experimental procedure

Two pot experiments were carried out in the last week of November during two successive winter seasons of the years 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. The two experiments were conducted for studying the possibility of controlling weeds, i.e., chard (Beta vulgaris) and canarygrass (Phalaris minor) associated wheat using seeds of pea. Wheat grains cultivar (cv. Misr1) were obtained from the Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. The pots (30 cm in diameter and 0.07 m2) sieved soil (2: 1 v/v clay and sand). The experiment consisted of 14 treatments in which contain two main equal groups. The first group (at sowing application) that contains five treatments applied by mixing the prepared dried pea seed powder with the soil surface before sowing at the rates of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g/pot. Immediately after mixing, 10 wheat grains were sown 2 cm deep and the pots were infested with a constant number of seeds of chard and canarygrass were mixed thoroughly. Whereas, in the second group (1 week before sowing application) that contains five treatments which were applied by mixing pea seed powder with the soil then allowed for extraction by continuous irrigation for 1 week and then sown with wheat grains and weed seeds as above. The four remaining treatments were unweeded, two control treatments for each group. Thinning of wheat seedlings was done after 2 weeks for each part so that 6 homogeneous seedlings were left per pot. This study was applied as factorial experiments in randomized complete block design with 6 replicates. The normal cultural practices of growing wheat plants were followed especially fertilization and irrigation. Three replicates were collected from each treatment 40 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest.

Weeds and wheat recorded parameters

Weeds growth

In each season, weed samples were taken from each of the three pots 40 DAS and at harvest (all weed samples in each pot were pulled up). The dry weight of chard and canarygrass was recorded after drying in the electric oven at 60 °C.

Wheat

Growth and photosynthetic pigment parameters

  • Three plants in each pot were taken for recording plant height, number of leaves, and dry weight (g/plant) 40 DAS.

  • Determination of photosynthetic pigment contents

    Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids were determined in wheat constant leaf (third leaf from the top) at the vegetative growth (40 DAS) according to Moran 1982.

Yield and yield components

At harvest, plant height, spike length, no. of spikes/plant, number of spikelets/spike, weight of grains/spike, grain yield (g/plant), and 1000 grain weight (g) were determined.

Extraction and estimation of the seed allelochemicals

Small plastic pots (10 cm in diameter and 0.008 m2) were filled with the same cultivated experimental soil and each one mixed with the dried pea seed powder at the rate of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g/pot. Standard volume of tap water was added for each pot. The pots were divided in two parts: the first part was filtered at the time, while the second part was left for 1 week with irrigation with tap water then filtration. The extracts of both parts were collected and the total phenolic as well as total flavonoid contents were determined in the water extract of pea seeds according to Srisawat et al. 2010.

Statistical analysis

All data were statistically analyzed according to Gomez and Gomez 1984 and the treatment means were compared by using the least significant difference (LSD) at 5% significant level.

Results

Effect of pea seed powder on weeds growth

Both at sowing and 1 week before sowing mixing treatments of pea seeds with soil surface caused a significant reduction in the growth of chard and canarygrass as indicated by mean values in comparison to the corresponding controls (Table 1). The difference between the two applications was significant (A). Great suppression in the two-weed growth (dry weight) was obtained by different rates of pea seed powder especially in pots contained soil mixed with 100 g/pot with significant different between the mean values (B). This result was true for at sowing and 1 week before sowing mixing application of pea seed powder. Inhibition in both weed growth was higher with indirect applications. At harvest, the inhibition in chard growth reached 71.4 and 83.6% at sowing and 1 week before sowing incorporation of pea seed powder in comparison to the corresponding controls. The corresponding results in canarygrass were 80.8 and 82.8%.

Table 1 Effect of pea seed powder on the dry weight of weeds (g/pot) associated wheat plants at 40DAS and at harvest
Full size table

Effect of pea seed powder on wheat

Growth and photosynthetic pigment parameters

The results in Table 2 show significant differences between mean values of plant height, number of leaves/plant as well as dry weight/plant at sowing and 1 week before sowing mixing applications of pea seed powder at 40 DAS. The optimum results were obtained at 80 g/pot with at sowing and 1 week before sowing applications as indicated by mean values. In addition, mixing pea seed powder with the soil surface at different rates caused significant increases in all growth characters listed in Table 2 in comparison to the corresponding controls. The maximum increase in the dry weight/plant reached 96% with at sowing application and 200% with 1 week before sowing application in comparison to the corresponding controls.

Table 2 Effect of pea seed powder on the growth of wheat plants at 40 DAS
Full size table

Effect of the pea seed powder photosynthetic pigments contents

Table 3 reveals significant differences in chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids in fresh leaves of wheat due to at sowing and 1 week before sowing addition of the pea seed powder to the soil as indicated by the mean values. Significant differences were obtained also between different rates (20–100 g/pot) as compared to the control as referred by mean values. Maximum significant increases in chlorophyll a recorded in healthy wheat plants followed by pea seed powder treatment at 80 g/pot. Whereas the highest chlorophyll b and carotenoids values over the corresponding controls were recorded with the treatment at 80 g/pot of both applications especially at sowing application.

Table 3 Effect of pea seed powder on photosynthetic pigment contents (mg/g)in fresh wheat leaves
Full size table

Yield and yield components

The results in Table 4 reveal a significant difference between the mean values of plant height at sowing and 1 week before sowing applications of the pea seed powder. In addition, the mean values of plant height show a significant increase with increasing rates up to 100 g/pot. The results also indicated that the difference between at sowing and 1 week before sowing applications of pea seed powder was significant in spike length, number of spikelets/spike. While the number of spikes/plant show non-significant difference. The different rates of the pea seed powder increased significantly spike length, number of spikes/plant, and number of spikelets/spike over their corresponding controls as indicated by mean values.

Table 4 Effect of pea seed powder on plant height, yield, and yield components of wheat plants
Full size table

Table 5 shows differences between the mean values due to mixing of pea at sowing and 1 week before sowing in respect to weight of grains/spike, weight of grains/plant, and weight of 1000 grains. Mixing the successive rates of the pea seed powder with the soil surface (20–80 g/pot) increased significantly the yield characters listed in Table 5 especially at 80 g/pot over their corresponding controls as indicated by the mean values. In general, the results referred to that the increase in yield and its components was higher with 1 week before sowing application. The greatest significant increase was obtained in potted soil mixed at sowing and 1 week before sowing applications of 80 g/pot amounted by 167.5% and 187.7% respectively over that recorded in corresponding unweeded pots.

Table 5 Effect of pea seed powder on yield and yield components of wheat plants
Full size table

Extraction and estimation of the seed allelochemicals

As shown in Table 6, analysis of the allelopathic pea seed powder at applied successive rates revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Both allelopathic compounds showed high levels with increasing the pea seed powder rate. Moreover, the concentrations of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the soil that remained to be extracted for 1 week were higher than at sowing application.

Table 6 Total phenolic content and flavonoids in pea seed powder extract when mixed with soil (mg/g)
Full size table

Discussion

Allelopathy is a phenomenon which has beneficial or harmful effects of a plant (including microorganisms) on another plant through the release of secondary allelochemical compounds in the environment (Cheng and Cheng 2015). The current study was objected to investigate the allelopathic ability of pea seed powder as an example of leguminous plants for controlling weeds in wheat in the greenhouse experiment. The pea seed powder was applied simultaneously at sowing or left for one week before sowing. The results reveal that the graded increase in the rates of the pea seed powder decreased the growth of both chard- and canary grass-infested wheat plants. Higher rates (80 and 100 g/pot) were more phytotoxic in controlling about70–80% of both weeds especially with sowing application (Table 1). In general, several workers used the allelopathy in controlling weeds (Caamal et al. 2001; Olofsdotter et al. 2002; Kayode and Ayeni 2009; Kato-Noguchi and Salam 2013; El-Rokiek et al. 2014; El-Rokiek et al. 2017)). The allelopathic effect of pea was documented by Akemo et al. 2000. The authors reported that in field experiments, residues and extracts of pea plants suppressed the growth and population of several plant species. Similar results were documented by Kato-Noguchi 2003 and with some other legumes as for example, velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) (Fujii et al. 1991). In addition, other documented findings supported the present results were reported by Xiao et al. 2006 in soybean.

On the other hand, the adverse effect of the pea seed powder on weed growth-associated wheat plants was accompanied by increases in wheat growth, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents and consequently yield (Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5). Several workers reported that controlling weeds decreased the interference of weed with crop plants decreasing the competitive ability of associated weeds and consequently increasing the net income in plant growth and yield (Wang et al. 2013; El-Rokiek et al. 2014; El-Rokiek et al. 2017).

Plants produce secondary metabolites which usually consist of members from different groups, such as polyphenol, terpenoids (Kato-Noguchi 2003; Wink 2013). Allelochemicals present in the allelopathic plants may be the cause of the weed growth inhibition (Cheema et al. 2004; Chou 2010; Chen et al. 2011; El-Rokiek et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2013). Herein, the analysis of the pea seed powder extract reveals the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds as indicated in Table 6. The contents increased with the increase in the concentration of the extract especially with one week before sowing application. Thus, confirming our results that increasing the added materials to the soil induced more increase in weed inhibition. In this respect, it was reported that plant phenolics are one of the major chemical groups implicated in allelopathy (Inderjit and Olofsdotter 2002). Putnam 1988 listed flavonoids as allelochemicals that possess actual or potential phytotoxicity which had been isolated from over 30 families of terrestrial and aquatic plants. Abdul-Rahman and Habib 1989, Chung et al. 2000 found caffeic, chlorogenic, isochlorogenic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, and ferulic acids and salicylic acid in Medicago sativa (legume) root exudates and residues and fresh leaves. The authors returned the inhibition in weeds growth to the presence of these materials. Also, El-Rokiek et al. 2011 confirmed these results. In addition, Kato-Noguchi 2003 isolated the putative compound called Pisatin from pea shoots. The author attributed the inhibiting activity of pea on Lepidium sativum L. and Lactuca sativa L. to this putative compound. The explanation of increasing weed inhibition by one week before the sowing application of the pea seed powder may be due that more allelochemical materials extracted in the soil (Table 6).

Conclusions

Chemical herbicides used to control weeds have toxicological effects on crop plants. Herein, the allelochemicals present in the pea seed powder added to the soil acts as bioherbicides which suppress the growth of both chard and canarygrass associated wheat plants. The mixing of pea seed powder with the soil surface at 80 g/pot 1 week before sowing was the most efficient treatment in controlling weeds under investigation and gave the highest wheat yield.

Availability of data and materials

All recorded data generated and/or analyzed during the current study are included in this published.

Abbreviations

DAS:

Days after sowing

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the editors for providing us with this opportunity to share our study which investigate the use of allelopathy phenomenon as an alternative to chemical herbicides in controlling weeds. This research was supported and funded by the National Research Centre. Support provided is gratefully acknowledged.

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This work was supported and funded by the National Research Centre

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  1. Botany Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

    Kowthar Gad El-Rokiek, Samia Amin Saad El-Din, Mona Adel El-Wakeel, Mohammad El-Sayed El-Awadi & Mona Gergis Dawood

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All authors participated in the development and implementation of the research plan. EKG analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. EMA prepared the manuscript in its final shape. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mona Adel El-Wakeel.

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El-Rokiek, K.G., El-Din, S.A.S., El-Wakeel, M.A. et al. Allelopathic potential of the pea seed powder as natural herbicide for controlling weeds infested wheat plants. Bull Natl Res Cent 43, 193 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0248-x

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