Table 1 Recap of the findings from the technical analysis

Microscopy

Examine material under a microscope. Microscopes that are widely used span from optical to electron, including TEM and SEM

Able to see the surface directly and easily prepare a sample

The deciding phase takes the longest

Watteau et al. (2018), Morgado et al. (2021)

The researcher's assessment of the outcome may differ, resulting in low accuracy

Spectroscopy

Examine a material's surface using optical technology

The process keeps the sample intact and enables for the simultaneous examination of many samples. Analysis using an existing data library

It is difficult to discriminate between numerous samples. It takes a long time to recognise

Kniggendorf et al. (2019), Zhou et al. (2020)

Thermal analysis

Using heat analysis to investigate the physical and chemical properties of each material

Multiple samples can be identified at the same time. Analyses may be carried out with the use of the current data library

Samples are not saved, therefore quantitative analysis of each sample is impossible

Zainuddin and Syuhada, (2020), Liu et al. (2021)

Emerging technology

Analyse using a new technology that is gaining popularity rather than the previously described analytical procedures

Development aimed at solving the shortcomings of present technology

Less data have been collected in comparison with modern technologies

Erni-Cassola et al. (2017)