Table 3 Water deficiency rates and some irrigation system types effectiveness on morpho-phenological (growth, fruit set, and yield) parameters of Washington navel orange trees (2021–2022 seasons)

First season (2021)

 ETc 100%

60.74^a

19.19^a

177.57^a

146.71^a

74.27^a

10.03^a

172.85^a

 ETc 80%

47.05^b

16.73^b

127.49^b

104.69^b

63.85^b

8.63^b

167.93^b

 ETc 60%

44.25^c

16.20^b

106.32^c

85.58^c

51.62^c

5.50^c

151.58^c

 DIS

53.52^a

17.90^a

126.63^b

121.72^a

58.22^b

6.90^b

150.84^b

 MSIS

47.84^b

16.84^b

147.63^a

102.94^b

68.27^a

9.20^a

177.39^a

 ETc 100% × DIS

66.81^a

20.19^a

162.87^b

159.57^a

67.56^b

8.80^c

154.38^c

 ETc 100% × MSIS

54.67^b

18.18^b

192.28^a

133.85^b

80.99^a

11.26^a

191.32^a

 ETc 80% × DIS

50.44^c

17.40^c

122.38^d

110.05^c

58.10^c

6.89^d

153.83^c

 ETc 80% × MSIS

43.65^d

16.06^d

132.61^c

99.32^d

69.61^b

10.37^b

182.03^b

 ETc 60% × DIS

43.30^d

16.11^d

94.63^f

95.53^d

49.02^d

5.00^e

144.32^d

 ETc 60% × MSIS

45.21^d

16.28^d

118.01^e

75.64^e

54.21^c

5.99^e

158.84^c

Second season (2022)

 ETc 100%

74.79^a

21.25^a

180.80^a

149.44^a

76.47^a

14.13^a

189.12^a

 ETc 80%

53.49^b

17.87^b

127.59^b

105.42^b

68.73^b

11.31^b

170.71^b

 ETc 60%

49.48^c

17.12^b

104.39^c

83.57^c

52.67^c

7.66^c

154.73^c

 DIS

64.32^a

19.59^a

125.72^b

122.95^a

59.29^b

10.26^b

156.63^b

 MSIS

54.19^b

17.90^b

149.46^a

102.67^b

72.62^a

11.81^a

186.42^a

 ETc 100% × DIS

86.77^a

23.02^a

160.02^b

167.32^a

66.67^c

13.72^b

160.90^c

 ETc 100% × MSIS

62.81^b

19.49^b

201.58^a

131.56^b

86.27^a

14.54^a

217.35^a

 ETc 80% × DIS

57.63^c

18.70^c

121.23^c

111.17^c

64.31^c

10.19^d

161.53^c

 ETc 80% × MSIS

49.35^d

17.04^d

133.94^c

99.67^d

73.15^b

12.43^c

179.89^b

 ETc 60% × DIS

48.56^d

17.04^d

95.92^e

90.35^d

46.90^e

6.86^f

147.45^d

 ETc 60% × MSIS

50.40^d

17.19^d

112.87^d

76.78^e

58.44^d

8.46^e

162.01^c