Table 3 Previous studies on MB removal by PVDF and TiO2
From: A comprehensive review on textile wastewater treatment by coupling TiO2 with PVDF membrane
PVDF configuration | Dissolution solvents | Fabrication technique | % TiO2 | MB Conc | Percentage removal/photo-degradation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flat sheet | DMAc | Phase inversion | 6 vol% 12 vol% 21 vol% | 0.01 mM | 67.52% 75.89% 82.63% | Jia et al. (2009) |
Flat sheet | DMAc | Phase inversion | 1.5 wt% | 10 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm | 98.84% 93.11% 85.24% | Ngang et al. (2012) |
Flat sheet | DMAc | Blending/photo reduction combined method | 4 wt% | 10 ppm 20 ppm 30 ppm | 24% 23% 21% | Li et al. (2015) |
Flat sheet | DMF and acetone | Electrospinning | 0.4 wt% | 0.05 M | 78.9% | He et al. (2016) |
Flat sheet | DMF | Solvent casting | 2 ml of titanium isopropoxide solution | 0.00001 M | 98% | Martins et al. (2014) |
Hollow fiber | – | Purchased | 1 g/L | 50 mg/L | 92 ± 2.20% | Li et al. (2014) |
Flat sheet | – | Purchased | 2.00 × 10 M titanium isopropoxide solution | 10 μm | 100% | Fischer et al. (2015) |
Flat sheet | DMAc | Dip coating of PVDF solution on steel mesh | 10 ml 20 ml 30 ml 40 ml 50 ml 60 ml | 10 μM | 68.7% 76% 87.3% 91.6% 100% 100% | Ramasundaram et al. (2016) |
Flat sheet | DMAc | Immersion phase inversion | Amount of (Ag–TiO2–APTES): 0.1 g 0.2 g 0.5 g | 3 mg/L | 80.3% 86.7% 90.1% | Peng et al. (2018) |
Flat sheet | – | Purchased | Titanium tetraisopropoxide solution | 10−5 M | 27% | Li et al. (2017) |
Hollow fibers | N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) | Dry/wet spinning | 0.5 wt% | 10 μM | 97% | Galiano et al. (2018) |
Flat sheet | – | Nanolayer coextrusion | 10 wt% 20 wt% 30 wt% 40 wt% | 10 ppm | 22% 32% 57% 64% | Cheng and Pu (2018) |
Hollow fibers | DMAc | Electrospinning | 3 wt% 6 wt% 9 wt% | 10 ml/L | 85% 90% 100% | Abdullah et al. (2018) |
Flat sheet | DMAc and acetone | Electrospinning | 4 wt% | 3.2 mg/L 6.4 mg/L | 93.75% 81.25% | Lee et al. (2018) |
Flat sheet | DMAc | Solvent casting | 1 wt% | 10 ppm | 92.76% | Suriani et al. (2019) |
Flat sheet | DMF | Solvent casting | 0.087 g | 2 mg/L | 99% | Martins et al. (2019) |
Flat sheet | DMF | Electrospinning | 5 ml Titanium butoxide | – | 94.2% | Venkatesh et al. (2020) |
Flat sheet | DMF | Electrospinning | 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg | 5 ppm | 29% 32% 39% | Abdelmaksoud et al. (2021) |
Flat sheet | DMAc and acetone | Electrospinning | 0.1 g/L | 4 ppm 7 ppm 11 ppm 15 ppm | 100% 100% 100% 99.4% | Zeitoun et al. (2020) |
0.2 g/L | 4 ppm 7 ppm 11 ppm 15 ppm | 100% 100% 98.1% 100% | ||||
0.3 g/L | 4 ppm 7 ppm 11 ppm 15 ppm | 100% 100% 100% 99.3% | ||||
Flat sheet | Methanol | Spray drying followed by calcination | 0–5 wt% | 100 mg/L | 100% | Yadav et al. (2021) |
Flat sheet | TTIP/ethanol | Dip coating | 0.092 wt% | 10 μmol/L | 100% | Fischer et al. (2015) |
Hollow fiber | Ethanol | Phase inversion calcination/dip coating | 0.62 wt% | 20 mg/L | 97.2% | Zhang et al. (2022) |
Flat sheet | Ethanol | Phase inversion | 2–5 wt% | 0.5 mg/L | 98.6% | Ma et al. (2023) |
Flat sheet | Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) | Casting solution | 1 wt% | 10 ppm | 79.18% | |
Flat sheet | DMAC | Non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) | 1 wt% | 10 ppm | 92.63% |