Understanding the health risks and emerging concerns associated with the use of long-term proton pump inhibitors

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Table 1 The common possible side effects of PPIs as well as the common possible side effects of long-term PPI use

Common possible side effects of PPIs	Common possible side effects of long-term use of PPIs
Headache	Lower respiratory tract infection
Gastrointestinal discomfort	Gastrointestinal infection
Constipation	Bacterial overgrowth
Allergic reaction	Changes in overall gut microbiome
Dizziness	Iron deficiency
	Bone fracture
	Vitamin B12 deficiency
	Magnesium deficiency
	Gastric cancer
	Colon cancer
	Hepatic encephalopathy
	Dementia
	Chronic kidney disease
	Acute interstitial nephritis
	Cardiovascular disease
	Allergic reaction
	Drug interactions