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Bulletin of the National Research Centre
Fig. 1 | Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Fig. 1

From: Understanding the health risks and emerging concerns associated with the use of long-term proton pump inhibitors

Fig. 1

Proposed mechanisms of long-term PPI use effects on the body. PPIs work by inhibiting the acidification of the stomach via covalent bonding to the H+/K+ ATPase, allowing for the passage of opportunistic microbes through the stomach. Subsequent alterations via PPI use in the gastrointestinal environment cause dysbiosis as well as direct and indirect hindrance in the absorption of vitamins and nutrients. PPI use can also impact bone growth and density as nutrient absorption is hindered. Use of PPIs may impact the parathyroid hormone, leading to an increase loss in bone mineralization. Increases in amyloid beta amounts and nutrient absorption leading to abnormal brain function. Cardiac function is also impacted by PPI use, as nitric oxide levels, nutrient deficiencies, cytochrome p450, and chromogranin A can be impacted

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