Table 3 Existing studies that utilized satellite imagery and remote sensing data

Adamu et al. (2015)

The research aimed to determine which vegetation indices can identify vegetation impacted by oil pollution and the characteristics that make them appropriate for this objective. The study evaluated the temporal variations in vegetation indices (before and after oil spills) at both control sites (with no recorded oil spills) and affected sites (with recorded oil spills) in the Niger Delta. The findings indicated that broadband multispectral vegetation indices can effectively detect the influence of oil pollution on vegetation conditions

Obida et al. (2021)

The research employed satellite remote sensing to observe the effects of pollution over extensive areas in a geographically isolated and difficult setting. The study uncovered that two oil spills in Ogoniland during 2008/9 were the most significant in terms of both duration (combined 149 days) and volume (combined 82,939,170 L). However, little is known about the scope of the impact of these incidents since traditional field-based surveys are nearly unfeasible in this region

Adamu et al. (2018)

The research utilized Landsat 8 data to explore the effects of oil spills on vegetation by employing five vegetation indices. The study identified a notable distinction between vegetation conditions at spill sites (SS) and non-spill sites (NSS) in 2013, with an even more significant difference observed in 2014 following the oil spill. The spectral approaches applied to vegetation in this study could be useful in detecting and tracking the influence of oil spills on vegetation