Table 2 Some publications and reports that focus on oil production, waste management, policies, regulations, and their implications in Nigeria

Ite et al. (2013)

The study discussed the negative environmental impacts resulting from petroleum exploration and production in Nigeria's Niger Delta region, along with weak environmental regulation in the country. The authors recommended several measures to improve environmental protection, including strengthening regulation and enforcement, increasing public awareness, promoting sustainable development practices, and compensating affected communities

Nriagu et al. (2016)

The study examined the association between exposure to oil pollution and health outcomes, as well as the role of emotional reactions in moderating these outcomes. It involved 600 participants from five local government areas in Nigeria's Niger Delta region. The study found high levels of disease symptoms and environmental distress associated with oil pollution, and recommended intervention to alleviate psychological distress. The study found that risk perception in the area was mediated by dreaded hazards, visual and chemosensory cues. The exposure metrics significantly predicted health effects, with direct contact with oil pollution and emotional distress being important mediators. Demographic variables were also important mediators of functional capacity limitation at the individual level

Frynas (2000)

The author provided an analysis of the conflicts between oil companies and village communities in the Niger Delta. The study examined the legal and political framework of oil production in Nigeria and the conflicts that have arisen between oil companies and local communities over land rights, environmental pollution, and compensation. The author also discussed the role of international organizations in mediating these conflicts

UNEP (2011)

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) conducted an independent assessment of the environmental and public health impacts of oil contamination in Ogoniland, in the Niger Delta, with the agreement and support of Ogoni communities, the Rivers State Government and other partners. Over a 14-month period, the UNEP team examined more than 200 locations, surveyed 122 km of pipeline rights of way, reviewed more than 5000 medical records and engaged over 23,000 people at local community meetings. The assessment has been unprecedented. The report provided a comprehensive overview of the environmental degradation in Ogoniland and its impact on human health. It also provided recommendations for remediation options

Nwilo and Badejo (2006)

The research investigated the consequences of oil spill contamination along Nigeria's coastal regions and offered suggestions for its administration. With a coastline of around 853 km along the Atlantic Ocean, Nigeria's coast consists of four unique geomorphological units: the Barrier-Lagoon Complex, the Mud Coast, the Arcuate Niger Delta, and the Strand Coast. The study discovered that oil spills profoundly affect marine life, human well-being, and socioeconomic pursuits in Nigeria. The authors advised implementing oil spill prevention strategies to decrease the occurrence of such spills

Omofonmwan and Odia (2009)

This research focuses on the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, where oil extraction has led to environmental deterioration, soil depletion, pollution, and the decline of aquatic life and biodiversity, among other issues. The study found that the crises in the Niger Delta stem from the failure of multinational companies engaged in oil exploration and production, as well as the federal government, to effectively address the repercussions of their activities in the area. The paper recommends implementing proper mitigation measures, such as building access roads, healthcare facilities, educational institutions, electricity infrastructure, income-generating ventures (cassava mills, rice mills, palm oil mills, etc.), piped water supply schemes, provision of microcredit facilities, capacity building, and agricultural development, which could significantly reduce the crises in the region to a minimum

Obi (2010)

The article examines how global oil extraction contributes to the dispossession of local communities and incites violent opposition in Nigeria's oil-rich Niger Delta. The shift in resistance from non-violent to violent methods is characterized by high-profile attacks by ethnic-minority militias from the Niger Delta against the partnership between the Nigerian state and oil multinationals. The primary contention is that oil extraction and the unequal distribution of its advantages ignite dissatisfaction and conflict between the Niger Delta inhabitants and those perceived as the exploiters and beneficiaries of the region's oil resources. Furthermore, the article explores the local and transnational elements and complexities that underlie resistance politics and the potential for addressing the contradictions created by "fossil fuel capital" in the Niger Delta