Severity of waterborne diseases in developing countries and the effectiveness of ceramic filters for improving water quality

Shayo, Godfrey Michael; Elimbinzi, Elianaso; Shao, Godlisten N.; Fabian, Christina

doi:10.1186/s42269-023-01088-9

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Table 2 Antibacterial properties of metal oxide nanoparticles in water treatment of impactful study works from 2010

From: Severity of waterborne diseases in developing countries and the effectiveness of ceramic filters for improving water quality

References	Metal oxide	Preparation method (Synthesis)	Antimicrobial Efficiency	Contaminants REMOVAL
Wang et al. (2010)	CuO Fe₂O₃ ZnO TiO₂ NiO Co₃O₄	Top-down methods (i.e., Diffusion, Irradiation and thermal decomposition) Bottom-up (i.e., Chemical polyol fabrication method, Electrochemical synthesis and Chemical reduction)	Excellent ZnO (71%), CuO (77%) and NiO (85%) Low Fe₂O₃, Co₃O₄, Ti2O	E. coli
Vargas-Reus et al. (2012)	CuO Cu₂O ZnO Ag-CuO	Sonochemical photo reduction Sol gel combustion	100% bacterial removal by the oxides	P. intermedia P. gingivalis F. nuclatum A. actionmycetemeomitans
Azam et al. (2012)	ZnO CuO Fe₂O₃	Sonochemical photo reduction Sol gel combustion	Excellent ZnO, i.e., 72–88% Moderate CuO, i.e., 50–72% Low Fe₂O₃, i.e., 27–50%	Gram-positive (S. aureus and B. subtilis) Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa)
Tsao et al. (2015)	Fe₂O₃	Top-down methods (i.e., Diffusion, Irradiation and thermal decomposition) Bottom-up (i.e., Chemical polyol fabrication method, Electrochemical synthesis and Chemical reduction)	Bacterial removal, i.e., E. coli 99.9% Viral, i.e., bacteriophage 98.83%	E. coli Viral, i.e., bacteriophage
Hoseinnejad et al. (2018)	ZnO TiO₂ MgO* CuO** Al₂O₃	Top-down methods (i.e., Diffusion, irradiation and thermal decomposition) Bottom-up (i.e., Chemical polyol fabrication, Electrochemical synthesis)	Bacterial removal, i.e., E. coli 99.9% Viral, i.e., bacteriophage 98.83%	S. aureus and B. subtilis E. coli and P. aeruginosa P. mirabilis
Raghunath and Perumal (2017)	ZnO TiO₂ MgO CuO Al₂O₃ Fe₂O₃ CaO	Chemical methods Biosynthesis (i.e., (CuO, Fe₃O₄ and ZnO) Co-precipitation (i.e., Fe₃O₄ and ZnO) Electrochemical (i.e., Cr₂O₃ and CuO) Wet chemical (i.e., CuO, Fe₃O₄ and ZnO) Hydrothermal (i.e., MgO and ZnO) Sonochemical i.e., CuO Sol gel (i.e., ZnO and TiO₂)	NS	Gram-positive (S. aureus and B. subtilis) Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) Viral contaminants
Gold et al. (2018)	ZnO TiO₂ MgO	Colloidal method Atomic layer deposition Sol gel nanofabrication	High for small size (30–50 nm) fabricated NPs Low for larger size (70–130 nm) fabricated NPs	Gram-positive (S. aureus and B. subtilis) Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa)
Nigay et al. (2019)	MgO Al₂O₃	Wet chemical Hydrothermal Sonochemical Sol gel	Bacterial removal, i.e., E. coli 99.98% Viral removal 99.45%	E. coli Viral (not specified)
Vega-Jiménez et al. (2019)	MgO Mn₃O₄ Fe₂O₃ ZnO	Top-down methods (i.e., Diffusion, Irradiation and thermal decomposition) Bottom-up (i.e., Chemical polyol fabrication method, Electrochemical synthesis and Chemical reduction)	Excellent ZnO, MgO Low Fe₂O₃, Mn₃O₄	S. aureus and B. subtilis E. coli and P. aeruginosa S. mutans S. epidermis V. cholerae and Shingella sp. (i.e., Mn₃O₄)
Makvandi et al. (2020)	MgO Ag₂O Fe₂O₃ ZnO TiO₂ Al₂O₃	Excellent ZnO, MgO Low Fe₂O₃, Mn₃O₄	Viral (i.e., HIV-1) 98% (Ag₂O) 99.99% for Ag-TiO₂) HIV-1	Gram-positive (S. aureus and B. subtilis) Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa)

*define that; Higher concentrations of MgO inhibit bacteria’s growth against E. coli being higher than Bacillus sp.
** define that CuO provides more room to be used as a biocidal agent i.e. against B. subtilis even at low concentration

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