Astrocytes’ innate role in neurodegenerative disorders

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Table 1 Microglia and astrocytes have links with the proposed signals

	Activation	Release
Microglia	Neuroprotective phenotype
	StTAT3-STAT6	IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, and TGF-β
	Pro-inflammatory phenotype
	NFκB and STAT1-IFN y and LPS	IL-1β, IL-12, IL-23, SOC3, CXCLs, CCLs, NO, TNF-α, and IL-6
Astrocytes	Neuroprotective phenotype
	STAT3	IL-13, IL-10, TGF-β-IL-4
	Pro-inflammatory phenotype
	IL-1β, IFN-γ, LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6	IL-1α, C1q, GM-CSF, CXCLs, CCLS, TNF-α, IL-6, and NO

IFNs and LPS collaborate to activate pro-inflammatory microglia, which subsequently release IL-1, IL-12, IL-23, SOC3, CXCLs, CCLs, NO, TNF-, and IL-6. This process is initiated by the activation by the NFκB and STAT1
Through the activation of STAT3 and STAT6, the production of neuroprotective microglia is stimulated by IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10, as well as by TGF
The pro-inflammatory astrocytes are affected by IL-1, IFN-, LPS, TNF-, and IL-6, and they produce IL-1, C1q, GM-CSF, CXCLs, CCLS, TNF-, IL-6, and NO
The activation of neuroprotective astrocytes by STAT3, which results in the subsequent release of IL-13, IL-10, TGF-, and IL-4