Table 3 Toxicity caused from different rodenticides in human and other species
From: Herbal rodent repellent: a dependable and dynamic approach in defiance of synthetic repellent
Sl. No. | Rodenticides | Toxicity/symptoms | References |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | Difenacoum, Warfarin, brodifacoum, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone | Haematuria, Haemoptysis, Epistaxis, Flank pain, Easy bruising, Intracranial haemorrhage | Park (2014) |
2 | Coumatetralyl | High or frequent exposure might impair the blood's capacity to clot, resulting in haemorrhage. Easy bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, and/or blood in the urine or stool are all symptoms. Coumatetralyl may cause a skin allergy | Hindmarch et al. (2018) |
3 | Chlorophacinone | Polyuria, Polydipsia, Vomiting, Renal failure, Encephalopathy | D'Silva et al. (2019) |
4 | Bromethalin | It operates as a neurotoxic, affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, since a shortage of ATP produces an increase in fluid surrounding neuron sheaths | |
5 | Norbormide | Causes Ischaemia resulting in organ failure followed by animal expiration | D'Silva et al. (2019) |
6 | Thallium | Tremor, Ataxia, Distal motor weakness, Diplopia, Nystagmus, Hyperpigmentation, Cranial nerve dysfunction, peripheral neuropathy, seizure | Yu et al. (2018) |
7 | Fluoroacetamide | Seizures, Hypocalcemia, Cerebellar atrophy or cerebral, Shock, Worsening metabolic acidosis, refractory to resuscitation,, Hepatic dysfunction, Dysrhythmias, Kidney injury | Wang et al. (2016) |
8 | Strychnine | Uncontrollable muscle spasms, Trismus, Risus sardonicus, Opisthotonos, Rhabdomyolysis, Lactic acidosis, Hyperthermia | Singhapricha et al. (2017) |
9 | Zinc and Aluminium Phosphide | Acute gastritis, Cardiac arrhythmias, Haemorrhagic pulmonary oedema, Respiratory failure, Intravascular haemolysis with methemoglobinemia, Hepatotoxicity, Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis, Renal failure | |
10 | Elemental Phosphorus | Acute gastroenteritis, Skin or mucosal burns, Phosphorescent faeces or emesis (smoking stool), Dysrhythmias, Hepatotoxicity, Renal failure | Ravikanth et al. (2017) |
11 | Arsenic | Vomiting, Bloody diarrhoea, Taste of garlic in the tongue, Hypotension, Prolonged QT segment, Delirium, seizures, coma, Renal injury | Zubair et al. (2017) |
12 | Barium Carbonate | Gastroenteritis, Hypertension, Cardiac arrhythmias, Shortness of breath, Muscle paralysis | Ghose et al. (2009) |
13 | Tetramethylene Disulfotetramine (TETS, Tetramine) | Convulsions, Coma, Respiratory failure, Arrhythmias | Rice et al. (2017) |
14 | Pyriminil, N-3-pyridylmethyl-N-p-nitrophenyl Urea (PNU) | Kussmaul breathing, Hypotension, Encephalopathy, Lethargy | D'Silva et al. (2019) |
15 | Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) | Polyuria, Polydipsia, Vomiting, Renal failure, Encephalopathy, hypercalcemia | Koul et al. (2011) |