Fig. 3

Effect of soils containing Urea 46%, mineral fertilizer, or tomato stubble on the E. foetida morphology. After 2-day retained on conditioned soils, the earthworms present abnormal morphology (black arrows) as swelling at the clitella region, blistering of the body wall, vesicles, coiling and curling, constrictions, and fragmentation of the body. Earthworms from control soil despite normal morphology. Experiments were repeated at least three times with essentially identical results