Table 6 Percentage practices of sanitation biosecurity component
Biosecurity component | Yes (%) | No (%) |
|---|---|---|
Location on elevated ground | 13 (65) | 7 (35) |
No evidence of flooding during the wet season | 12 (60) | 8 (40) |
Year round supply of fresh water | 11 (55) | 9 (45) |
Enforce cleaning of vehicles entering the farm | 9 (45) | 11 (55) |
Cleaning of on-farm animal health equipment after each use | 7 (35) | 13 (65) |
Asking visitors to wash their hands before and after contact with your livestock? | 1 (5) | 19 (95) |
Presence of protective clothing for visitors | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Encourage 'come clean, go clean' practices for visitors | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Ensuring visitors cleaning and disinfection after visits | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
If lent, clean down equipment and vehicles before use on farm | 1 (5) | 19 (95) |
Provide clean down equipment or facilities for visitors to clean boots and equipments | 1 (5) | 19 (95) |
Clean vehicles and equipment prior to moving from one farm to the other | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Provision of protective clothing for visitors | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Disposal of contaminated and pest damaged stock feed | 12 (60) | 8 (40) |
Routinely clean and/or disinfect housing after removing manure | 13 (65) | 7 (35) |
Cow stalls are clean | 13 (65) | 7 (35) |
Good hygiene of cow from dirt | 11 (55) | 9 (45) |
Presence of control programs for feral-animal, wildlife and weed | 15 (75) | 5 (25) |
Inspect for feeding and drinking equipments for cleanliness | 17 (85) | 3 (15) |
Prevention of stored stock feed contamination by livestock, vermin, wildlife, feral and domestic animals and other feed types | 14 (70) | 6 (30) |
Regular pest control | 16 (80) | 4 (20) |
Testing water for quality | 2 (10) | 18 (90) |
Visual Inspection of stock feed for contaminants and pest damage etc | 17 (85) | 3 (15) |
Have written instructions for cleaning and disinfecting different types of equipment | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Have written sanitation, disinfection procedures and schedules for all animal holding areas/facilities | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Have appropriate and effective cleaning and disinfection materials | 4 (20) | 16 (80) |
Disinfect livestock related equipment between uses | 6 (30) | 14 (70) |
Practice sanitation to minimize contamination of livestock waters by manure and urine | 17 (85) | 3 (15) |
Specific cleaning and sanitizing protocols for higher-risk practices(e.g. AI or treatment of sick animals) | 2 (10) | 18 (90) |
Have walls, ceilings and facility parts that are easy to clean and disinfect | 11 (55) | 9 (45) |
Remove and renew bedding on a Regular schedule | 6 (30) | 14 (70) |
Presence of dead-stock disposal protocol | 10 (50) | 10 (50) |
Ensures dead stock is removed from animal housing quickly so that no livestock have contact with the carcass | 14 (70) | 6 (30) |
Dispose of dead stock by burying, composting or pickup by a dead-stock disposal service | 17 (85) | 3 (15) |
Use equipment for a single purpose only | 17 (85) | 3 (15) |
Clean and disinfect cattle barn after abortion | 12 (60) | 8 (40) |
Clean calving box or maternity pen after each calving | 9 (45) | 11 (55) |
Cleaning and disinfecting hands between age groups handling | 7 (35) | 13 (65) |
Cadaver storage facility frequently cleaned and disinfected | 15 (75) | 5 (25) |
Nonprofessional visitors use farm-specific footwear | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Nonprofessional visitors use farm-specific clothing | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Check for visitors use of a disinfection footbath | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Professional visitors wear or dressed in herd-specific protective clothing | 1 (5) | 19 (95) |
Presence of disinfection footbaths at the gate | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Presence of car wash dip at the gate | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Presence of disinfectant foot baths between premises | 0 (0) | 20 (100) |
Total score of the isolation biosecurity practices | 46 | |
Minimum–maximum biosecurity score of dairy farms | 3–25 | |
Mean ± standard deviation biosecurity score of farms | 16.65 ± 6.83 | |