Table 5 Percentage of isolation biosecurity practices component

Presence of calf pen/hutch

10 (50)

10 (50)

Presence of separate milking house

13 (65)

7 (35)

Presence isolation room for sick cattle

11 (55)

9 (45)

Presence of feed storage sheds

15 (75)

5 (25)

No pasture area

18 (90)

2 (10)

Presence of maternity pen

2 (10)

18 (90)

Purchase replacement animals from herd with known health status

12 (60)

8 (40)

Know the animal health practices of all suppliers

4 (20)

16 (80)

Keep clinically sick animals separately until they are completely cured

12 (60)

8 (40)

Quarantine incoming cattle for a period

8 (40)

12 (60)

Minimizing contact with neighbors’ animals

12 (60)

8 (40)

Fence off dead-animal pits and garbage tips

19 (95)

1 (5)

Fencing off stock access to watercourses

19 (95)

1 (5)

Maintain no contact of pre-weaned calves with older cattle

18 (90)

2 (10)

Maintain no contact of dry cow with lactating cows

18 (90)

2 (10)

No mixing of different species

19 (95)

1 (5)

Prevent animals from having fence line contact with livestock from farms

11 (55)

9 (45)

Keep buildings and facilities well maintained and in good repair

13 (65)

7 (35)

Separate calves and young stock from older animals

19 (95)

1 (5)

Isolate animals with abortion

13 (65)

7 (35)

Calving takes place in a separated calving box or maternity pen

2 (10)

18 (90)

Use isolation room to house sick animals

11 (55)

9 (45)

Presence of cadaver storage facility present

13 (65)

7 (35)

Cadaver storage facility inaccessible for vermin

14 (70)

6 (30)

Absence of other farm animals in the farm

13 (65)

7 (35)

Absence of pasture contact with others cattle

17 (85)

3 (15)

Presence of adequately maintained boundary fence around the farm

17 (85)

3 (15)

Total score of the isolation biosecurity practices

27

Minimum–maximum biosecurity score of dairy farms

11–24

Mean ± standard deviation biosecurity score of dairy farms

18.05 ± 5.92