Table 1 Summary of the effects of d-pinitol on diabetes mellitus in experimental animals
From: Effects of d-pinitol on diabetes mellitus: an updated review
S.No. | Author | Year | Model used | Dose applied | Major mechanism/effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Sivakumar et al., | 2009 | Wistar rats | 50 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage route for 30 days | Regulation of blood glucose, insulin, HbA1C; levels/activities of pancreatic LPO, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, vitamin E, vitamin C, ceruloplasmin and GSH |
2. | Gao et al., | 2015 | Sprague–Dawley rats | 30 and 60 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage route for 5 weeks | Regulation of proteins involved in PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) p85, PI3Kp110, as well as the downstream target protein kinase B/Akt (at Ser473), glycogen synthesis kinase-3β |
3. | Sivakumar et al., | 2010 | Wistar rats | 50 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage route for 30 days | Regulation of levels/activities of renal LPO, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, vitamin E, vitamin C, ceruloplasmin and GSH; TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, NF-kappaB, p65 subunit and nitrite |
4. | Silva Junior et al., | 2020 | Swiss albino mice | 50 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage route for 30 days | Regulation of hepatic TG, SREb1c, ACC-1, FASN and AMPKα |
5. | Li et al., | 2021 | SAMP8 and SAMR1 mice | 150 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage route for 10 weeks | Regulation of blood glucose; MDA; PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway proteins; cardiac MHC, BNP, ANP, Nrf2, β-MHC, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was found to be increased; cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of Nrf2; SOD, GPx and GSH; Bcl-2, caspase 3 & 9; PI3k, phosphor Akt and phosphor-mTOR |
6. | Geethan et al., | 2008 | Wistar rats | 100 mg/kg body weight by oral route for 30 days | Regulation of blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, LDL, VLDL and HDL in serum, liver, kidney, heart and brain |
7. | Sivakumar et al., | 2010 | Wistar rats | 50 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage route for 30 days | Regulation of levels/activities of liver LPO, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, vitamin E, vitamin C, ceruloplasmin and GSH; TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, NF-kappaB, p65 subunit and nitrite |
8. | Dang et al., | 2010 | C57BL/6 mice | 1 g/kg body weight by oral gavage route as a single dose | Regulation of blood glucose, HOMA-IR, IRβ and GLUT 4 |
9. | Sivakumar et al., | 2009 | Wistar rats | 50 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage route for 15, 21, 30 and 45 days | Regulation of blood glucose, insulin, HbA1C; liver glycogen, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose 6 phosphatase, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase |
10. | Sousa et al., | 2020 | Wistar rats | 20 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage route for 8 weeks | Regulation of blood glucose, creatinine, urinary albumin, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, renal blood flow, glomerular volume, protein expression of Nephrin, TGFβ |