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Table 2 Bioactive, antioxidant and functional characteristics of wheat, Moringa oleifera and wheat-Moringa oleifera composite flours used in preparation of cookies

From: Effect of partial substitution of wheat flour with Moringa oleifera leaf powder on physical, nutritional, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of cookies

 

F100

F2.5 M

F5M

F10M

M100

TPC

37.53 ± 4.08e

51.09 ± 2.53d

58.20 ± 2.13c

70.12 ± 1.64b

100.21 ± 1.61a

TFC

21.20 ± 1.04e

28.15 ± 0.56d

31.93 ± 0.48c

33.64 ± 0.91b

85.27 ± 3.34a

TAC

22.15 ± 1.18d

34.32 ± 0.48c

33.24 ± 2.92c

41.14 ± 1.71b

115.88 ± 12.32a

RP

12.63 ± 0.10e

16.95 ± 0.47d

18.97 ± 0.28c

28.81 ± 1.31b

55.04 ± 0.27a

DPPH

33.41 ± 2.81a

42.71 ± 1.71c

53.65 ± 1.74b

55.51 ± 3.20b

80.96 ± 2.86a

ABTS

36.43 ± 0.78e

41.19 ± 1.16d

44.49 ± 0.22c

47.88 ± 0.11b

50.98 ± 0.48a

BD

0.80 ± 0.01a

0.78 ± 0.02a

0.74 ± 0.01b

0.66 ± 0.03c

0.43 ± 0.02d

SWP

3.07 ± 0.21b

2.73 ± 0.08b

2.97 ± 0.15b

2.84 ± 0.11b

6.15 ± 0.57a

WAC

2.13 ± 0.06b

1.27 ± 0.10c

1.07 ± 0.11c

1.12 ± 0.10c

3.91 ± 0.50a

OAC

0.80 ± 0.11b

0.82 ± 0.09b

0.90 ± 0.09b

1.05 ± 0.14b

1.95 ± 0.19a

  1. Values with different letter across the same row are significantly different (p < 0.05)
  2. F100 = wheat flour, F2.5 M = 97.5% wheat flour + 2.5% Moringa oleifera flour; F5M = 95% wheat flour + 5% Moringa oleifera flour; F10M = 90% wheat flour + 10% Moringa oleifera flour; M100 = Moringa oleifera flour
  3. TPC, total phenolics content (mg GAE/100 g); TFC, total flavonoid (mg QUE/100 g); TAC, total antioxidant capacity (mg AAE/100 g); RP, reducing power (mg AAE/100 g); DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity (% inhibition); ABTS, 2, 2-azobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate radical scavenging ability (% inhibition); BD, bulk density (g/cm3); SWP, swelling power (g/g); WAC, water absorption capacity (%); OAC, oil absorption (%)