Table 7 Selected demographic characteristics of khat users, the related physiological symptoms of cancers and the factors actuating consumption of khat
From: A review of the health implications of heavy metals and pesticide residues on khat users
Type of study | Country of study | Age | Descriptive statistics related to cancer cases | Physiological abnormalities associated with cancer development | Factors that actuate the consumption of Khat among the users | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recorded number of participants | Khat consumers in terms of percentages (%) of the respective populations | ||||||
Administered interviews | Ethiopia | < 18 years | NP* | NP* | Mouth sores | Peer pressure, Religious beliefs, and Social influences | Sinba (2017) |
Cross-sectional hospital study | Yemen | 20–65 years | 82 | 75.20% | White lesions on oral mucosa | Social influences | Schmidt‐Westhausen et al. (2014) |
Population survey | Israel | < 30 years | 39 | 83% | White lesions on skin sections | Global spread of Khat usage, Smoking | Gorsky et al. (2004) |
Pilot case–control study | Ethiopia | < 18 years | 73 CC* | 35.40% | CC* | Traditions, culture and religious beliefs | Leon et al. (2017) |
Cross-sectional study | Ethiopia | 31.86 years (Mean Age) | NP* | NP* | Lesions | Leisure activities, family history of tobacco use peer pressure | Molla et al. (2017) |
Case–control study | Yemen | 56.95 years (Mean Age) | NP* | NP* | Lesions, lymph node, mucosal burns | Smoking and experimental Khat chewing | Nasher et al. (2014) |
Cross-sectional population based study | Ethiopia | 15–69 years | NP* | NP* | NP* | Khat chewing that accompany heavy alcohol consumption | Defar et al. (2017) |
Descriptive study | Kenya | Adults | 51 | 75 | *NP | Mouth sores, dental carries, alcohol consumption | Njuguna et al. (2013) |