Table 1 Data-collection table demonstrated the anti-viral potential of metallic NPs for viral inhibition and detection
Chemical composition and size (nm) of NPs | Characterization method | Virus | Application and function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (15 nm) | Data not shown | Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | Gold (Au) NP probes (GNP) for ultrasensitive detection of HCV core antigen (HCVcAg) | Yin et al. (2017) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (30 nm) and Fe3O4 NPs (15–20 nm) | SEM,TEM | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen | Immunosensor for surface antigen detection based on Hemin/G-quadruplex horseradish peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme-signal amplification | Alizadeh et al. (2017) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (15 ± 4 nm) | Data not shown | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen | DNA/AuNPs sensor: a sandwich assay and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor for ultrasensitive detection of viral DNA | Zengin et al. (2017) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (2 nm and 14 nm) | TEM | Influenza virus A (H1N1) | Multivalent Sialic-Acid-Functionalized AuNPs: anti-viral activity | Papp et al. (2010) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (35 nm) | Filter-based multimode microplate reader, TEM | Influenza virus A (H1N1) | A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with nanomaterials: anti-viral activity | Ahmed et al. (2016) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (2–50 nm) | SEM | Hepatitis C virus | For direct detection of unamplified viral RNA in clinical specimens | Shawky et al. (2010) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (19 nm) | TEM, DLS | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Detection method of MERS-CoV with a potential detection limit of 1 pmol/μL | Kim et al. (2019) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (40 and 100 nm) | DLS and TEM | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) | AuNPs ‐adjuvanted S protein: to induce immune response (IgG) | Sekimukai et al. (2019) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (5–20 nm) | XRD, SEM, AFM | Adenoviruses | AuNPs encapsulated in a SiO2 shell: Anti-viral activity | Lysenko et al. (2018) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (12 nm) | TEM, UV–Vis spectrophotometry, DLS | Influenza A virus | AuNPs—matrix 2 protein (M2e) conjugate coformulated with CpG: to induce immune response | Tao et al. (2014) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (18 nm) | CLSM | Influenza virus | AuNPs-based vaccination to enhance adaptive immunity | Wang et al. (2018) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) | UV–Vis spectroscopy, TEM | Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) | Peptide nucleic acids (PNA)-AuNPs colorimetric detection assay of viral RNA | Askaravi et al. (2017) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (13 nm) | TEM, DLS | Influenza A virus | A colorimetric immunosensor based on AuNPs modified with monoclonal anti-hemagglutinin antibody (mAb) | Liu et al. (2015) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (10, 20, and 40 nm) | SEM | Influenza A virus | Immuno-AuNPs conjugates: for detection | Gopinath et al. (2013) |
Gold NPs (AuNPs) (12.92 nm) | UV–Vis spectroscopy, DLS | Dengue virus | Cationic AuNPs–siRNA complexes: in vitro anti-viral activity | Paul et al. (2014) |
Silver NPs (AgNPs) (30–50 nm) | Data not shown | Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) | Therapeutic (anti-viral) action at an early stage and at post-entry stages | Lara et al. (2010) |
Silver NPs (AgNPs) (13, 33 and 46 nm) | TEM, SEM | Herpesviruses (HSV-2) infectivity | Tnnic acid modified AgNPs: Size-related in vitro and in vivo anti-viral activity | Orłowski et al. (2018) |
Silver NPs (AgNPs) (33 nm) | TEM | Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 | Tannic Acid/ AgNPs-Based Mucoadhesive Hydrogel: anti-viral activity | Szymańska et al. (2018) |
Silver NPs (AgNPs) (5- 25 nm) | High-resolution transmission and field-emission scanning electron microscopes | Non-Enveloped (feline coronavirus (FCoV)) and Enveloped (bursal disease virus (IBDV)) Viruses | Graphene–Silver Nanocomposites: anti-viral activity | Chen et al. (2016) |
Silver NPs (AgNPs) (10 nm) | TEM | Influenza virus A (H1N1) | Anti-viral activity | Xiang et al. (2011) |
Silver NPs (AgNPs) (3.5, 6.5, and 12.9 nm) | SEM and TEM | Influenza virus A (H1N1) | AgNPs/chitosan (Ch) composites: anti-viral activity | Mori et al. (2013) |
Silver NPs (AgNPs) (7–20 nm) | UV–Vis spectrophotometry, Nanoparticle tracking and analysis, TEM | Herpes simplex virus and human parainfluenza virus type 3 | Smaller-sized AgNPs: anti-viral activity through decreasing viral replication | Gaikwad et al. (2013) |
Silver NPs (AgNPs) (4–9 nm) | UV–Vis spectrometry, TEM, EDX- FE-SEM | Poliovirus and non-enveloped viruses | Electrochemical –synthesized AgNPs: anti-viral activity | Huy et al. (2017) |
Silver NPs (AgNPs) (11.4 nm) | TEM | Adenovirus type 3 (Ad3) | In vitro anti-viral activity | Chen et al. (2013) |
Silica NPs (SiNPs) (200 nm) | TEM, SEM | Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) | Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs): to act as a protein delivery system or vaccine carriers | Guo et al. (2012) |
Silica NPs (SiNPs) (50–70 nm) | FESEM, FTIR, TGA | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Silica NPs-based Immunoassay (SNIA): for detection using time resolved fluorescence- enhanced sensitivity | Chunduri et al. (2017) |
Silica NPs (SiNPs) (150–200 nm) | DLS, TEM | Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections | Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) mimetic functionalised solid and mesoporous SiNPs (MSNs and SSNs): acting as viral binding/entry inhibitors | Lee et al. (2016) |
Iron oxide NPs (IONPs) (10–15 nm) | HR-TEM, DLS-zeta, XRD, FTIR | Pandemic influenza strain A/H1N1/Eastern India/66/PR8-H1N1 | Inhibition of virus growth | Kumar et al. (2019) |
Iron oxide magnetic NPs (MNPs) (90 ± 30 nm) | TEM, XRD | Influenza A virus | An assay combining efficient magnetic separation and MALDI-TOF MS: For detection | Chou et al. (2011) |
Iron oxide NPs (IONPs) (103 ± 2 nm) | Malvern’s zetasizer-ZS90 | Zika Virus | Magnetic relaxation-sensitive nanoparticles (MRNPs): Magnetic Nanosensors for detection | Shelby et al. (2017) |
Zinc oxide NPs (ZnONPs) (20–50 nm) | ICP-MS, XRD, TEM, FE-SEM | Influenza virus A (H1N1) | Anti-viral activity | Ghaffari et al. (2019) |
Zinc oxide (ZnO)-nanostructures (diamters:200 nm to 1 µm; arm lengths:5 µm to 30 µm) | SEM | Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) | ZnO tetrapod micro-nanostructures synthesized by flame transport approach: anti-viral activity | Antoine et al. (2012) |
Graphene oxide (GO) (127.7 nm) | UV–vis spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy | Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | Curcumin functionalized GO: anti-viral activity | Yang et al. (2017) |
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) (4–10 nm) | EM | Influenza Virus | Anti-viral activity | Mazurkova et al. (2010) |
Ceria NPs (6 nm) | TEM | Influenza virus | Nano-ceria aqueous sol containing no stabilizer: to enhance immune response | Zholobak et al. (2016) |
Selenium NPs (SeNPs) Se@ZNV: 82 nm | TEM, EDX, FTIR, XPS | Influenza virus A (H1N1) | Zanamivir modified SeNPs (Se@ZNV): anti-viral activity | Lin et al. (2017) |