Does mouse mammary tumor-like virus cause human breast cancer? Applying Bradford Hill criteria postulates

Hameed, Yasir; Usman, Muhammad; Ahmad, Mukhtiar

doi:10.1186/s42269-020-00439-0

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Table 1 Summary of the detection of MMTV-like virus and positivity rate in normal and breast cancer samples relative to the different selected articles

From: Does mouse mammary tumor-like virus cause human breast cancer? Applying Bradford Hill criteria postulates

Studied Population	Technique used for the viral genome detection	Target gene	No. of normal samples screened	No. of normal samples positive for MMTV-LIKE VIRUS	Percentage positivity of MMTV-LIKE VIRUS in normal samples	No. of adjacent/benign samples screened	No. of adjacent/benign samples positive for MMTV-LIKE VIRUS	Percentage positivity of MMTV-LIKE VIRUS in adjacent/benign samples	No. of breast cancer samples screened	No. of breast cancer samples positive for MMTV-LIKE VIRUS	Percentage positivity of MMTV-LIKE VIRUS in breast cancer samples	References
Australia	PCR	Env	0	0	0	25	6	24	25	9	36	Nartey et al. (2017)
	PCR	Env	40	13	32	0	0	0	50	39	78	Glenn et al. (2012)
	Nested PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	42	0	0	Park et al. (2011)
	PCR, Immunohistochemistry	Env, gp52	29	0	0	0	0	0	74	33	45	Lawson et al. (2010)
	PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	51	28	56	Mok et al. (2008)
	Semi-nested PCR	Env	111	2	1.8	25	5	20	288	90	31.2	Ford et al. (2004)
	Semi-nested PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	128	50	39.06	Faedo et al. (2004)
	PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	44	20	45.45	Lawson et al. (2004)
	PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	59	22	37.3	Lawson et al. (2006)
Pakistan	PCR	LTR	0	0	0	0	0	0	55	19	34.5	Naushad et al. (2017a)
	PCR	LTR, Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	250	29	11.6	Naushad et al. (2017b)
	PCR	LTR, Env	6	0	0	0	0	0	80	37	46.25	Naushad et al. (2014)
Iran	Nested PCR	Env	65	0	0	0	0	0	65	0	0	Oskouee et al. (2014)
	Nested PCR	Env	0	0	0	59	3	5	59	19	32.2	Shariatpanahi et al. (2017)
	Real-time PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	40	0	0	Tabriz et al. (2013)
	Nested PCR	Env	300	0	0	0	0	0	50	0	0	Motamedifar et al. (2012)
	Real-time PCR	Env	100	0	0	0	0	0	100	12	12	Reza et al. (2015)
Morocco	PCR	Env	0	0	0	18	6	33.3	42	24	57.1	Slaoui et al. (2014)
Austria	PCR, Nested PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	50	0	0	Witt et al. (2003)
Egypt	Nested PCR	Env	0	0	0	50	2	4	100	36	36	Hafez et al. (2013)
Vietnam	PCR	Env	60	0	0	0	0	0	120	1	0.83	Ford et al. (2003)
Argentina	PCR	Env	74	1	1.35	74	0	0	74	23	31	Melana et al. (2002)
Sweden	RT-PCR	Env	0	0	0	11	0	0	35	0	0	Bindra et al. (2007)
Saudi Arabia	PCR	Env	51	0	0	93	9	9.7	101	6	5.9	Al Dossary et al. (2018)
Tunisia	Semi-nested PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	122	17	3.9	Hachana et al. (2008)
	Antigen detection	gp52	0	0	0	17	0	0	33	23	70	Levine et al. (1984)
	PCR	Env	140	2	1.4	0	0	0	38	28	73.7	Pogo et al. (2010)
USA	Nested PCR	Env	35	0	0	0	0	0	73	27	36.9	Etkind et al. (2000)
	PCR	Env	140	2	1.4	0	0	0	709	323	45.5	Pogo et al. (2010)
	PCR	Env	107	2	1.8	29	2	6.9	314	121	38.5	Wang et al. (1995)
	Molecular hybridization	–	0	0	0	0	0	0	38	30	78.9	Axel et al. (1972)
Mexico	PCR	Env	0	0	0	65	0	0	86	0	0	Morales-Sanchez et al. (2013)
	PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	119	5	4.2	Zapata-Benavides et al. (2007)
	Nested PCR	Env	0	0	0	458	72	16	458	57	12.4	Cedro-Tanda et al. (2014)
Myanmar	Nested PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	58	1	1.7	San et al. (2017)
Italy	Fluorescence-nested PCR, Immunohistochemistry	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	105		34.5	Naccarato et al. (2019)
	Fluorescence-nested PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	45	15	33	Zammarchi et al. (2006)
	Fluorescence-nested PCR, Real-time PCR, In situ hybridization	Env	20	0	0	26	5	19.2	138	47	68.1	Mazzanti et al. (2011)
	PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	122	45	36.8	Pogo et al. (1999)
China	Nested PCR	Env	0	0	0	0	0	0	241	44	18.25	Luo et al. (2006)

PCR polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR real-time PCR, Env envelope protein, Ltr long terminal repeats

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