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Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Table 1 Bivariable and Multivariable analysis of risk factors for HBV infection among HIV-infected pregnant women attending PMTCT clinics in the Mtwara region from February to April 2022 (N = 220)

From: High seroprevalence and associated risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women living with HIV in Mtwara region, Tanzania

Variable

HBV infection

Bivariate

Multivariate

Negative n (%)

Positive n (%)

cOR (95% CI)

p value

aOR (95% CI)

p value

Age category (in years)

18–39

59 (88.1)

8 (11.9)

1.25 (0.50–3.10)

0.634

  

≥ 40

138 (90.2)

15 (9.8)

1

   

Residence status

Rural

96 (90.6)

10 (9.4)

0.81 (0.34–1.93)

0.634

  

Urban

101 (88.6)

13 (11.4)

1

   

Facility name

Likombe health center

34 (87.2)

5 (12.8)

1

   

Mangaka hospital

31 (86.1)

5 (13.9)

1.10 (0.29–4.15)

0.892

  

Mkomaindo hospital

67 (89.3)

8 (10.7)

0.81 (0.25–2.67)

0.732

  

Ndanda hospital

65 (92.9)

5 (7.1)

0.52 (0.14–1.93)

0.331

  

Occupation status

Self-employed

93 (90.3)

10 (9.7)

0.76 (0.32–1.82)

0.540

  

Unemployed

92 (87.6)

13 (12.4)

1

   

Education level

Non-formal

13 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

1

 

1

 

Primary

138 (87.9)

19 (12.1)

2.82 (0.63–12.63)

0.175

3.23 (0.64–16.38)

0.158

Secondary

41 (95.4)

2 (4.6)

0.12 (0.01–1.07)

0.060

0.14 (0.02–1.37)

0.092

College or University

5 (71.4)

2 (28.6)

8.20 (0.94–71.73)

0.057

6.87 (0.69–68.07)

0.100

Marital status

Married

91 (91.0)

9 (9.0)

1

 

1

 

Single

47 (88.7)

6 (11.3)

1.29 (0.43–3.84)

0.647

1.32 (0.42–4.20)

0.637

Divorced

15 (75.0)

5 (25.0)

3.37 (0.99–11.44)

0.051

3.45 (0.96–12.36)

0.057

Cohabiting

42 (93.3)

3 (6.7)

0.72 (0.19–2.81)

0.638

0.83 (0.20–3.35)

0.790

Income status per day (in Tsh)

< 2400

111 (89.5)

13 (10.5)

0.27 (0.06–1.19)

0.084

0.25 (0.04–1.50)

0.131

2400–12,000

79 (91.9)

7 (8.1)

0.21 (0.04–0.98)

0.047

0.19 (0.03–1.15)

0.071

> 12,000

7 (70.0)

3 (30.0)

1

 

1

 

History of surgical procedure

No

164 (91.1)

16 (8.9)

1

 

1

 

Yes

33 (82.5)

7 (17.5)

2.17 (0.83–5.70)

0.114

2.78 (0.95–8.15)

0.063

History of blood transfusion

No

157 (88.2)

21 (11.8)

1

 

1

 

Yes

40 (95.2)

2 (4.8)

0.37 (0.08–1.66)

0.196

0.36 (0.07–1.83)

0.218

Dental procedure

No

90 (86.5)

14 (13.5)

1

 

1

 

Yes

107 (92.2)

9 (7.8)

0.54 (0.22–1.31)

0.172

0.49 (0.19–1.26)

0.139

History of body tattooed

No

159 (90.3)

17 (9.7)

1

   

Yes

38 (86.4)

6 (13.6)

1.48 (0.55–4.00)

0.443

  

Number of sexual partners

One

120 (88.2)

16 (11.8)

1

   

Two

35 (94.6)

2 (5.4)

0.43 (0.09–1.95)

0.274

  

More than two

42 (89.4)

5 (10.6)

0.89 (0.31–2.59)

0.835

  

History of STIs

No

183 (89.3)

22 (10.7)

1

   

Yes

14 (93.3)

1 (6.7)

0.59 (0.07–4.74)

0.623

  

Number of live children

One

66 (93.0)

5 (7.0)

1

 

1

 

Two–three

113 (87.6)

16 (12.4)

1.87 (0.65–5.34)

0.243

2.02 (0.48–8.46)

0.337

Four or more

18 (90.0)

2 (10.0)

1.47 (0.26–8.20)

0.166

11.99 (1.11–129.01)

0.040*

History of abortion

No

169 (90.4)

18 (9.6)

1

   

Yes

28 (84.9)

5 (15.2)

1.68 (0.58–4.88)

0.343

  

Gestation period

First trimester

70 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

1

 

1

 

Second trimester

72 (80.9)

17 (19.1)

2.16 (0.80–5.85)

0.128

1.82(0.64–5.21)

0.264

Third trimester

55 (90.2)

6 (9.8)

0.46 (0.17–1.25)

0.130

0.45 (0.16–1.23)

0.120

CD4 levels within the last 6 months (in cells/mm3)

< 200

27 (87.1)

4 (12.9)

1.93 (0.45–8.31)

0.380

  

200–499

76 (86.4)

12 (13.6)

2.05 (0.63–6.72)

0.234

  

≥ 500

52 (92.9)

4 (7.1)

1

   

HVL status within last 6 months (in number of copies/ml)

< 50

181 (91.4)

17 (8.6)

1

 

1

 

50–999

10 (83.3)

2 (16.7)

2.13 (0.43–10.52)

0.354

3.52 (0.54–22.86)

0.187

≥ 1000

2 (40.0)

3 (60.0)

15.97 (2.49–102.28)

0.003

16.00 (1.70–150.63)

0.015*

WHO clinical staging of HIV

Stage-1

173 (91.1)

17 (8.9)

1

 

1

 

Stage-2

22 (81.5)

5 (18.5)

2.31 (0.78–6.89)

0.132

1.83 (0.44–7.62)

0.404

Stage-3

2 (66.7)

1 (33.3)

5.09 (0.44–59.06)

0.193

4.82 (0.20–115.99)

0.332

ART regimen

First-line

194 (89.8)

22 (10.2)

1

   

Second line

3 (75.0)

1 (25.0)

2.94 (0.29–29.49)

0.359

  

Duration on ART (in months)

6–12

17 (89.5)

2 (10.5)

0.97 (0.21–4.49)

0.968

  

> 12

173 (89.2)

21 (10.8)

1

   

Syphilis status

Negative

186 (94.9)

10 (5.1)

1

 

1

 

Positive

11 (45.8)

13 (54.2)

21.98 (7.89–61.23)

< 0.001

27.65 (9.07–84.30)

< 0.001*

  1. The significance of bold is to indicate variables that were statistically significant during multivariate analysis
  2. cOR crude odds ratios, aOD adjusted odds ratios, HVL HIV viral load
  3. *p value < 0.05 statistically significant
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