Table 3 Barriers to the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine among adults in Nigeria

1. Iliyasu et al., (2021b)

Younger age was statistically significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy

Low socioeconomic status

Individuals without underlying health issues

Healthcare workers with less than 5 years of work experience

Non-clinical staff at the hospital were less likely to accept COVID-19 vaccines

Concern about vaccine safety

Mistrust of authority and government policies were statistically significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy

Believe in conspiracy theories

2. Adebisi et al (2021)

Being respondents from Northern parts of Nigeria associated with vaccine hesitancy

The older age group were hesitant towards the uptake of hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine

Believe that clinical trials are unreliable and vaccines are not safe

3. Iliyasu et al., (2021a)

Younger respondents

Low-income earners

Being respondents from Northern parts of Nigeria associated with low vaccine acceptability

Absence of Chronic medical disorder

Concerns about vaccine safety, efficacy and side effects

Mistrust for authorities

Doubt about the existence of COVID-19 disease

Believe in conspiracy theories and infertility-related rumours

4. Agha et al (2021)

Lower level of education significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy

Lower level of vaccine observed among nurses and midwives

Healthcare workers who felt that the National Primary healthcare development agency (NPHDA) was not managing COVID-19 well

5. Kayanda et al. (2021)

Vaccine acceptance is lower among females

Vaccine hesitancy was observed among rural dwellers

Vaccine hesitancy was observed in those with more years of education

Strong safety concerns and side effects of COVID-19 vaccines associated with vaccine hesitancy

Lack of trust and dissatisfaction with the crisis management policy of the government

6. Okafor et al (2021)

Older respondents less willing to take hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine

Being Christians and Traditionalists statistically significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy

Unwillingness to be vaccinated related to misinformation on the 5G technology and Gates foundation during the early months of the pandemic

7. Solis-Arce et al., (2021)

Women and respondents younger than 25 years less willing to take the COVID-19 vaccine

Concern about side effects and vaccine safety due to the rapid pace of vaccine developments

8. Amuzie et al (2021)

Vaccine hesitancy is higher among young healthcare workers (aged 20–29 years), low-income earners and singles

Being a non-clinical hospital staff is significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy

9. Uzochu kwu et al., (2021)

Married individuals, Pentecostals, Sabbatarians, and older people (26–60 years) are more hesitant than younger people

10. Adigwe et al., (2021)

Population concern about safety and side effects associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy

Paying for COVID-19 vaccination may reduce uptake

11. Eze et al (2021)

Female gender associated with vaccine hesitancy

12. Iliyasu et al (2022)

vaccine acceptance was lower among persons who were not concerned about the potential effects of COVID-19/HIV co-infection

Believe in conspiracy theories and infertility-related rumours

13. Adedeji- Adenola et al., (2022)

Younger age group

Non-healthcare workers associated with vaccine hesitancy

Those without prior COVID-19 infection diagnosis are more vaccine-hesitant

14. Harapan et al., (2022)

Females, younger age groups and Muslims are more hesitant to Vaccination

Participants working in non-healthcare related job

Likely to be more hesitant towards the COVID-19 vaccine

Those who had not taken a flu vaccination during the past 12 months were also more vaccine hesitant

15. Anjorin et al (2021)

Younger participants and rural dwellers associated with vaccine hesitancy

Those who believe that their risk of getting severely sick if infected is very low and those who have refused vaccines in the past are more hesitant