Table 1 Information about specific features of each included study
Study title | Author, year, country and duration (days) | Baseline characteristics | Patient population (under comparison) | Stars of quality (NOS) | Study type | Specific complications under investigation | CD ≤ II complications rates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Which patients with clinical localized renal mass would achieve the trifecta after partial nephrectomy? The impact of surgical technique | Bianchi et al. (2020) Italy (4382) | R.E.N.A.L. (Garisto et al. 2018; Dindo et al. 2004; Clavien et al. 2009): RAPN (53%) vs. OPN (43.6%) | RAPN: nexp = 83 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆ | Single-center without patient matching | Not listed in detail | RAPN: 78.9% |
R.E.N.A.L. (Cook and Reed 2015; Eapen 2006; Gotschall 2021): RAPN (41%) vs. OPN (55.1%) | OPN: nctrl = 243 | OPN: 79.8% | |||||
R.E.N.A.L. (Moher et al. 2009; Amir-Behghadami and Janati 2021; Simera et al. 2010): RAPN (6%) vs. OPN (1.2%) | Total: 326 | p value: 0.60 | |||||
Robotic versus open partial nephrectomy for highly complex renal masses: Comparison of perioperative, functional, and oncological outcomes | Garisto et al. (2018) USA (4017) | No baseline differences | RAPN: nexp = 203 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆ ☆ | Single-center without patient matching | Conservatively managed urine leakage, AF, DVT, PE, pneumonia, pleural effusion, fever, pulmonary edema | RAPN: 21.2% |
OPN: nctrl = 76 | OPN: 30.2% | ||||||
Total: 279 | p value: 0.116 | ||||||
Robotic partial nephrectomy for clinical T2a renal mass is associated with improved trifecta outcome compared to open partial nephrectomy: A single surgeon comparative analysis | Ghali et al. (2019) USA (2982) | Cold ischemia: RPN (18.6%) vs. OPN (42.9%) | RPN: nexp = 59 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆ ☆ | Single-center without patient matching | Not listed in detail | RPN: 10.2% |
Warm ischemia: RPN (75.6%) vs. OPN (47.2%) | OPN: nctrl = 91 | OPN: 24.2% | |||||
p value: < 0.001 | Total: 150 | p value: 0.062 | |||||
Robot-assisted Versus Conventional Open Partial Nephrectomy (Robocop): A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of 249 Patients | Kowalewski et al. (2021) Germany (3286) | No baseline differences | RAPN: nexp = 83 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ | Single-center with patient matching | Not listed in detail | RAPN: 8.4% |
OPN: nctrl = 166 | OPN: 32.7% | ||||||
Total: 249 | p value: < 0.001 | ||||||
A comparison of robotic, laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy | Lucas et al. (2012) USA (2587) | No baseline differences | RPN: nexp = 27 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆ | Single-center with patient matching | Conservatively managed urine leakage, bleeding requiring transfusion | RPN: 11.1% |
OPN: nctrl = 54 | OPN: 11.1% | ||||||
Total: 81 | p value: 0.784 | ||||||
Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy provides better operative outcomes as compared to the laparoscopic and open approaches: Results from a prospective cohort study | Luciani et al. (2017) Italy (4198) | PADUA (Clavien et al. 2009; Cook and Reed 2015): RAPN (47.3%) vs. OPN (54.8%) | RAPN: nexp = 110 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆ ☆ | Single-center with patient matching | Prolonged pain, fever, pleural effusion, perihepatic fluid collection, transient diarrhea, bleeding requiring blood transfusion, atelectasis, renal hematoma | RAPN: 20.9% |
PADUA (Eapen 2006; Gotschall 2021): RAPN (39.1%) vs. OPN (30.1%) | OPN: nctrl = 73 | OPN: 27.4% | |||||
PADUA (Moher et al. 2009; Amir-Behghadami and Janati 2021; Simera et al. 2010; Catalá-López et al. 2019; Banno et al. 2019): RAPN (13.6%) vs. OPN (15.1%) | Total: 183 | p value: N/A | |||||
Cost comparison of open and robotic partial nephrectomy using a short postoperative pathway | Mano et al. (2015) USA (364) | ASA (Lin et al. 2021; Li et al. 2020): RAPN (54%) vs. OPN (29%) | RAPN: nexp = 63 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ | Single-center without patient matching | Not listed in detail | RAPN: 6% |
ASA (Muaddi et al. 2021; Garisto et al. 2018): RAPN (46%) vs. OPN (71%) | OPN: nctrl = 190 | OPN: 7% | |||||
p value: < 0.001 | Total: 253 | p value: 0.138 | |||||
Partial Nephrectomy in Clinical T1b Renal Tumors: Multicenter Comparative Study of Open, Laparoscopic and Robot-assisted Approach (the RECORd Project) | Porpiglia et al. (2016) Italy (1825) | Mean age (years): RAPN (57.3) vs. OPN (62.3), p = 0.01 | RAPN: nexp = 95 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ | Multicenter without patient matching | Not listed in detail | RAPN: 4.2% |
IT (min): RAPN (18) vs. OPN (16), p = 0.004 | OPN: nctrl = 133 | OPN: 9.8% | |||||
High volume center: RAPN (100%) vs. OPN (71.4%), p < 0.001 | Total: 228 | p value: 0.11 | |||||
Trifecta outcomes in renal hilar tumors: A comparison between robotic and open partial nephrectomy | Sagalovich et al. (2018) USA (2191) | Cold ischemia: RAPN (8%) vs. OPN (58%), p < 0.001 | RAPN: nexp = 100 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆ | Single-center with patient matching | Cardiac arrhythmias, UTI, anemia, conservatively managed urine leakage, ileus, SSI, pneumonia, AKI, DVT, MI, C. difficile infection, hyponatremia, delirium | RAPN: 20% |
Warm ischemia: RAPN (44%) vs. OPN (7%), p < 0.001 | OPN: nctrl = 64 | OPN: 25% | |||||
Zero ischemia: RAPN (2%) vs. OPN (6%), p < 0.001 | Total: 164 | p value: 0.08 | |||||
Comparative analysis of perioperative outcomes between robot-assisted partial nephrectomy and open partial nephrectomy: A propensity-matched study | Sawada et al. (2021) Japan (5843) | No baseline differences | RAPN: nexp = 58 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆ | Single-center with patient matching | Not listed in detail | RAPN: 5.2% |
OPN: nctrl = 58 | OPN: 13.8% | ||||||
Total: 116 | p value: 0.11 | ||||||
Retrospective analysis comparing robotic-assisted with open partial nephrectomy in Canterbury | Smith and Bax (2019) New Zealand (1399) | No baseline differences | RAPN: nexp = 26 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆ | Single-center without patient matching | Pleural/peritoneal breach, prolonged pain, pneumothorax, incisional bulge, seroma, sepsis, bleeding requiring transfusion, ileus | RAPN: 7.7% |
OPN: nctrl = 43 | OPN: 41.8% | ||||||
Total: 69 | p value: 0.0002 | ||||||
Comparative Outcomes and Predictive Assessment of Trifecta in Open, Laparoscopic, and Robotic-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy Cases with Renal Cell Carcinoma: A 10-Year Experience at Ramathibodi Hospital | Soisrithong et al. (2021) Thailand (3651) | R.E.N.A.L. (Garisto et al. 2018; Dindo et al. 2004; Clavien et al. 2009): RAPN (41.43%) vs. OPN (28.57%) | RAPN: nexp = 70 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆ ☆ | Single-center without patient matching | Not listed in detail | RAPN: 95.7% |
R.E.N.A.L. (Cook and Reed 2015; Eapen 2006; Gotschall 2021): RAPN (45.71%) vs. OPN (71.43%) | OPN: nctrl = 42 | OPN: 92.8% | |||||
R.E.N.A.L. (Moher et al. 2009; Amir-Behghadami and Janati 2021; Simera et al. 2010): RAPN (12.86%) vs. OPN (0%) | Total: 112 | p value: 0.922 | |||||
Comparison of perioperative, renal and oncologic outcomes in robotic‐assisted versus open partial nephrectomy | Tan et al. (2018) Australia (2556) | Mean age (years): RAPN (57.68) vs. OPN (64.64), p = 0.0001 | RAPN: nexp = 145 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ ☆ | Single-center without patient matching | Not listed in detail | RAPN: 4.83% |
Preoperative eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2): RAPN (70) vs. OPN (85), p = 0.004 | OPN: nctrl = 55 | OPN: 14.55% | |||||
Warm ischemia: RAPN (99.31%) vs. OPN (14.81%), p < 0.0001 | Total: 200 | p value: 0.015 | |||||
Open versus robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: A multicenter comparison study of perioperative results and complications | Vittori (2014) Italy (729) | Tumor size (cm): RAPN (2.8) vs. OPN (3.5), p = 0.002 | RAPN: nexp = 105 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ | Multicenter without patient matching | Drainage leakage, bleeding requiring transfusion | RAPN: 4.7% |
OPN: nctrl = 198 | OPN: 12.1% | ||||||
Total: 303 | p value: N/A | ||||||
Robotic and open partial nephrectomy for complex renal tumors: A matched-pair comparison with a long-term follow-up | Wang et al. (2016) China (2921) | Cold ischemia: RPN (10.5%) vs. OPN (42.1%), p = 0.002 | RPN: nexp = 190 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ | Multicenter with patient matching | Conservatively managed urine leakage, prolonged pain, SSI, bleeding requiring transfusion, urine retention, ileus, fever, pneumonia, DVT | RPN: 13.2% |
OPN: nctrl = 190 | OPN: 24.2% | ||||||
Total: 380 | p value: 0.003 | ||||||
A propensity score-matched comparison of perioperative and early renal functional outcomes of robotic versus open partial nephrectomy | Wu et al. (2014) China (1825) | No baseline differences | RPN: nexp = 51 | ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ | Single-center with patient matching | Not listed in detail | RPN: 23.5% |
OPN: nctrl = 94 | OPN: 17% | ||||||
Total: 145 | p value: 0.343 |