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Table 5 General characteristics and risks of nanoparticles

From: The state of the art of nanomaterials and its applications in energy saving

1.

Nanomaterial properties

Risk description

2.

Aggregation

Nanoparticles aggregation caused several problems, e.g., phase changes, increase in the solubility causing the weathering of structures and reduced resistance toward corrosion. (Kennedy et al. 2008; Sayre et al. 2017)

3.

Reactivity

In the case of organic compounds, spontaneous degradation reactions may alter their properties based on the functional groups present in the compound (Ervonen et al. 2009; Radad et al. 2012)

4.

Impurity

Because nanoparticles’ high reactivity causes them to react with contaminants, affecting their consequences, they are encapsulated with non-reactive species (Rushton 2004; Justo-Hanani and Dayan 2015)

5.

Contaminant dissociation

Nanoparticle contamination by metal and nonmetal contaminants such as yttrium sulfur and rubidium is a significant danger factor (Johnson 2016; Sia 2017)

6.

Size

Nanoparticles’ exceptional size-based characteristics are heavily impacted by their aggregation nature (Thomas et al. 2006; He et al. 2019)

7.

Disposal and recycling

Nanomaterial disposal rules are not clearly defined, and there are not many toxicity-related statistics accessible for nanoparticles. As a result, the ambiguity around nanomaterials’ impacts must be clarified in order to design meaningful disposal strategies (Morales-Díaz et al. 2017)