From: The state of the art of nanomaterials and its applications in energy saving
1. | Nanomaterial properties | Risk description |
2. | Aggregation | Nanoparticles aggregation caused several problems, e.g., phase changes, increase in the solubility causing the weathering of structures and reduced resistance toward corrosion. (Kennedy et al. 2008; Sayre et al. 2017) |
3. | Reactivity | In the case of organic compounds, spontaneous degradation reactions may alter their properties based on the functional groups present in the compound (Ervonen et al. 2009; Radad et al. 2012) |
4. | Impurity | Because nanoparticles’ high reactivity causes them to react with contaminants, affecting their consequences, they are encapsulated with non-reactive species (Rushton 2004; Justo-Hanani and Dayan 2015) |
5. | Contaminant dissociation | Nanoparticle contamination by metal and nonmetal contaminants such as yttrium sulfur and rubidium is a significant danger factor (Johnson 2016; Sia 2017) |
6. | Size | Nanoparticles’ exceptional size-based characteristics are heavily impacted by their aggregation nature (Thomas et al. 2006; He et al. 2019) |
7. | Disposal and recycling | Nanomaterial disposal rules are not clearly defined, and there are not many toxicity-related statistics accessible for nanoparticles. As a result, the ambiguity around nanomaterials’ impacts must be clarified in order to design meaningful disposal strategies (Morales-DÃaz et al. 2017) |