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Table 1 Shared profile of miRNAs in VMC and severe COVID-19

From: The role of miRNAs in viral myocarditis, and its possible implication in induction of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines-induced myocarditis

miRNAs

Role in viral myocarditis

Overall effect in viral myocarditis

References

State in severe COVID-19

References

miRNA-155

Regulates macrophages differentiation by increasing type 1 macrophages and decreasing type 2, thus increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines

Deleterious

Minocha et al. (2021)

Increased in severed COVID-19, and can be used as a potential biomarker of mortality

Haroun et al. (2022)

miRNA-21

Protective effect: Pro-apoptotic thus interrupting cell survival and viral replication

Deleterious effect: Disrupts cardiac intercalated disks

Controversial

Buscaglia and Li (2011), He et al. (2013), Xu et al. (2014), Ye et al. (2014)

Increased levels linked to ICU admission

Calderon-Dominguez et al. (2022)

miRNA-98

Pro-apoptotic thus interrupting cell survival and viral replication

Regulates cell apoptosis, Suppresses pro-inflammatory IL-10

Protective

Corsten et al. (2012)

Suppresses TMPRSS2 and inhibits cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2

Matarese et al. (2020)

miRNA590-5p

Inhibits pro-apoptotic factors, prolong cell survival and increases viral replication

Deleterious

Wu et al. (2015)

Suppresses Type I interferon and this leads to decreased innate immune response to COVID-19

Farr et al. (2021)

miRNA-29b

Inhibits pro-apoptotic factors, prolong cell survival, and increases viral replication

Induces myocardial fibrosis

Deleterious

Zhu et al. (2021)

  

miRNA125b

Induces myocardial fibrosis

Deleterious

Krützfeldt et al. (2005)

  

miRNA141-3p

Decreases myocardial inflammation by suppressing STAT4

Protective

   
  1. COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019, miRNA micro-ribonucleic acid, ICU Intensive Care Unit, IL Interleukin, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2, STAT4 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4, TMPRSS2 transmembrane serine protease 2, VMC viral myocarditis