miRNAs | Role in viral myocarditis | Overall effect in viral myocarditis | References | State in severe COVID-19 | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
miRNA-155 | Regulates macrophages differentiation by increasing type 1 macrophages and decreasing type 2, thus increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines | Deleterious | Minocha et al. (2021) | Increased in severed COVID-19, and can be used as a potential biomarker of mortality | Haroun et al. (2022) |
miRNA-21 | Protective effect: Pro-apoptotic thus interrupting cell survival and viral replication Deleterious effect: Disrupts cardiac intercalated disks | Controversial | Buscaglia and Li (2011), He et al. (2013), Xu et al. (2014), Ye et al. (2014) | Increased levels linked to ICU admission | Calderon-Dominguez et al. (2022) |
miRNA-98 | Pro-apoptotic thus interrupting cell survival and viral replication Regulates cell apoptosis, Suppresses pro-inflammatory IL-10 | Protective | Corsten et al. (2012) | Suppresses TMPRSS2 and inhibits cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 | Matarese et al. (2020) |
miRNA590-5p | Inhibits pro-apoptotic factors, prolong cell survival and increases viral replication | Deleterious | Wu et al. (2015) | Suppresses Type I interferon and this leads to decreased innate immune response to COVID-19 | Farr et al. (2021) |
miRNA-29b | Inhibits pro-apoptotic factors, prolong cell survival, and increases viral replication Induces myocardial fibrosis | Deleterious | Zhu et al. (2021) | Â | Â |
miRNA125b | Induces myocardial fibrosis | Deleterious | Krützfeldt et al. (2005) |  |  |
miRNA141-3p | Decreases myocardial inflammation by suppressing STAT4 | Protective | Â | Â | Â |