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Table 2 Variation in essential oil components of Rosmarinus officinalis as affected by different harvesting times and drying methods

From: Essential oil content and components, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) as affected by harvesting time and drying method

Compound

RT

RI

Treatments

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

Tricyclene

5.8

919

0.375 ± 0.02ab

0.390 ± 0.014ab

0.309 ± 0.007cd

0.282 ± 0.012d

0.275 ± 0.004d

0.280 ± 0.039d

0.406 ± 0.04a

0.353 ± 0.032bc

0.349 ± 0.023bc

α-Pinene

6.3

930

19.99 ± 1.24ab

21.64 ± 0.67a

16.34 ± 0.14d

12.09 ± 1.08e

15.99 ± 0.38d

13.54 ± 1.64e

19.29 ± 1.70bc

21.22 ± 1.71ab

17.84 ± 0.82cd

Camphene

6.8

944

6.19 ± 0.27a

6.66 ± 0.13a

4.31 ± 0.24c

4.16 ± 0.3c

4.99 ± 0.26b

3.47 ± 0.52d

6.27 ± 0.08a

6.65 ± 0.058a

4.77 ± 0.29b

Verbenene

7.0

949

0.41 ± 0.007cd

0.61 ± 0.004ab

0.49 ± 0.034bc

0.28 ± 0.12d

0.61 ± 0.027ab

0.38 ± 0.13cd

0.30 ± 0.10d

0.72 ± 0.036a

0.61 ± 0.072ab

β-Pinene

7.8

972

–

–

–

0.16 ± 0.004a

0.13 ± 0.001c

–

–

0.14 ± 0.004b

–

1-Octen-3-one

8.0

975

–

–

–

0.26 ± 0.008a

0.21 ± 0.02c

–

0.23 ± 0.003b

0.21 ± 0.003c

–

3-Octanone

8.3

983

4.17 ± 0.38a

2.76 ± 0.10bc

1.23 ± 0.01e

2.42 ± 0.10c

1.89 ± 0.18d

0.96 ± 0.20e

3.83 ± 0.43a

2.91 ± 0.01b

1.31 ± 0.09e

β-Myrcene

8.5

989

1.94 ± 0.34a

1.74 ± 0.08a

1.06 ± 0.11b

0.57 ± 0.03c

0.96 ± 0.007b

0.82 ± 0.20bc

1.74 ± 0.04a

1.82 ± 0.20a

1.16 ± 0.08b

n-Decane

8.9

998

1.90 ± 0.04ab

1.74 ± 0.14bc

1.42 ± 0.13d

1.97 ± 0.01a

1.78 ± 0.02abc

1.61 ± 0.22c

1.87 ± 0.07ab

1.96 ± 0.07a

1.73 ± 0.04bc

α-Terpinene

9.5

1013

0.72 ± 0.06a

0.28 ± 0.08cd

0.16 ± 0.008e

0.32 ± 0.024c

0.17 ± 0.05e

0.32 ± 0.04c

0.72 ± 0.13a

0.18 ± 0.02de

0.47 ± 0.008b

p-Cymene

9.9

1021

2.94 ± 0.47a

2.67 ± 0.04a

1.54 ± 0.15bc

0.99 ± 0.03d

1.69 ± 0.04b

1.19 ± 0.21cd

2.67 ± 0.43a

3.03 ± 0.10a

1.64 ± 0.11b

1,8-Cineole

10.2

1027

–

0.42 ± 0.06a

0.36 ± 0.06b

0.32 ± 0.02c

–

0.32 ± 0.04c

–

–

–

γ-Terpinene

11.5

1055

0.44 ± 0.03a

–

0.37 ± 0.03b

–

0.24 ± 0.01d

0.32 ± 0.04c

0.38 ± 0.04b

0.35 ± 0.03bc

0.35 ± 0.02b

Terpinolene

12.8

1084

0.34 ± 0.04d

0.37 ± 0.07b

0.21 ± 0.003e

0.20 ± 0.006f

–

–

0.46 ± 0.03a

0.36 ± 0.05c

–

Linalool

13.4

1098

0.47 ± 0.03c

0.42 ± 0.03c

0.43 ± 0.01c

0.56 ± 0.01b

0.61 ± 0.02a

0.45 ± 0.05c

0.44 ± 0.04c

0.58 ± 0.04ab

0.43 ± 0.02c

Chrysanthenone

14.5

1120

0.86 ± 0.01b

0.65 ± 0.01c

0.82 ± 0.03b

0.99 ± 0.05a

0.66 ± 0.10c

0.85 ± 0.12b

0.78 ± 0.09b

0.50 ± 0.05d

0.75 ± 0.05bc

Isoborneol

16.2

1155

–

0.53 ± 0.05a

0.41 ± 0.04b

0.55 ± 0.20a

0.30 ± 0.01bc

0.40 ± 0.03b

0.30 ± 0.02bc

0.22 ± 0.003c

0.34 ± 0.03bc

Borneol

16.5

1162

7.85 ± 0.50de

8.32 ± 0.97cde

8.58 ± 0.40bcde

9.66 ± 0.40ab

9.13 ± 0.01bc

10.64 ± 0.60a

7.79 ± 0.76e

8.02 ± 1.02cde

9.00 ± 0.22bcd

cis-Pinocamphone

16.8

1169

2.73 ± 0.02c

2.33 ± 0.06f

2.59 ± 0.02cde

3.42 ± 0.06a

2.56 ± 0.06de

2.94 ± 0.17b

2.70 ± 0.08cd

2.07 ± 0.11g

2.53 ± 0.05e

Terpinen-4-ol

17.0

1173

1.58 ± 0.10de

1.51 ± 0.06e

1.91 ± 0.09bc

2.02 ± 0.08ab

1.84 ± 0.07bc

2.13 ± 0.17a

1.53 ± 0.13de

1.50 ± 0.13e

1.73 ± 0.09cd

α-Terpineol

17.7

1187

1.25 ± 0.02b

1.35 ± 0.10a

0.33 ± 0.005cd

0.31 ± 0.005cde

0.31 ± 0.01cde

0.41 ± 0.03c

0.23 ± 0.02e

0.34 ± 0.11cd

0.30 ± 0.01de

Verbenone

18.4

1202

9.54 ± 0.60cd

8.68 ± 0.44d

11.50 ± 0.42ab

12.14 ± 1.08a

10.56 ± 0.54bc

9.73 ± 1.56cd

8.74 ± 0.08d

9.05 ± 0.50d

10.9 ± 0.36abc

Thymol methyl ether

19.7

1232

1.40 ± 0.01c

1.55 ± 0.20c

2.11 ± 0.05b

1.90 ± 0.12b

1.99 ± 0.02b

2.60 ± 0.24a

1.37 ± 0.17c

1.53 ± 0.25c

2.03 ± 0.05b

Bornyl acetate

22.1

1283

5.56 ± 0.50de

4.80 ± 0.21f

7.03 ± 0.31a

6.27 ± 0.01bc

4.97 ± 0.26ef

7.37 ± 0.25a

5.90 ± 0.58cd

4.50 ± 0.40f

6.84 ± 0.40ab

Thymol

22.5

1292

0.51 ± 0.05d

1.11 ± 0.06c

0.24 ± 0.03e

1.64 ± 0.05a

1.36 ± 0.01b

1.37 ± 0.30b

0.56 ± 0.05d

0.55 ± 0.03d

0.67 ± 0.05d

Camphor

26.9

1382

10.35 ± 0.13cd

9.89 ± 0.27cd

9.52 ± 0.10d

13.23 ± 0.31a

11.44 ± 0.08b

10.22 ± 0.54cd

10.75 ± 0.92bc

10.71 ± 1.06bc

9.92 ± 0.27cd

trans-Caryophyllene

27.8

1413

2.33 ± 0.40e

2.93 ± 0.04d

6.30 ± 0.18a

2.47 ± 0.28de

3.50 ± 0.05c

6.66 ± 0.74a

2.37 ± 0.12de

2.44 ± 0.01de

5.61 ± 0.12b

Caryophyllene oxide

34.4

1577

0.72 ± 0.08de

0.56 ± 0.03e

1.52 ± 0.05b

0.84 ± 0.01d

0.61 ± 0.09e

1.78 ± 0.28a

0.69 ± 0.03de

0.27 ± 0.02f

1.03 ± 0.02c

Monoterpene hydrocarbons

  

33.36 ± 2.41a

34.36 ± 0.50a

24.80 ± 0.09b

18.98 ± 1.32c

25.06 ± 0.66b

20.31 ± 2.53c

32.23 ± 2.75a

34.83 ± 2.00a

27.2 ± 1.27b

Oxygenated monoterpenes

  

42.08 ± 1.89d

41.57 ± 0.95d

45.81 ± 0.11c

52.95 ± 2.23a

45.72 ± 0.62c

49.4 ± 0.88b

41.08 ± 2.67d

39.56 ± 2.53d

45.4 ± 1.29c

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons

  

2.33 ± 0.39e

2.93 ± 0.40d

6.29 ± 0.17a

2.47 ± 0.28de

3.50 ± 0.05c

6.66 ± 0.74a

2.37 ± 0.12de

2.44 ± 0.10de

5.61 ± 0.12b

Oxygenated sesquiterpenes

  

0.72 ± 0.81de

0.56 ± 0.31e

1.52 ± 0.004b

0.84 ± 0.015d

0.61 ± 0.09e

1.78 ± 0.28a

0.69 ± 0.03de

0.27 ± 0.02f

1.03 ± 0.02c

Other compounds

  

6.07 ± 0.42a

4.49 ± 0.40c

2.65 ± 0.12e

4.65 ± 0.20bc

3.88 ± 0.18d

2.57 ± 0.43e

5.91 ± 0.50a

5.08 ± 0.06b

3.04 ± 0.05e

Total

  

84.57 ± 0.48a

83.9 ± 0.56a

81.06 ± 0.10c

79.9 ± 0.96d

78.76 ± 0.18e

80.73 ± 1.06cd

82.3 ± 0.44b

82.19 ± 0.70b

82.3 ± 0.10b

  1. Means ± standard deviations (SD) in each row with at least one same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05 (Duncan’s test)