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Table 3 Effect of asarone and metformin on different serum metabolite levels

From: 1H-NMR-based serum metabolomic study to evaluate the effect of asarone and metformin on experimentally induced diabetic hepatocellular carcinoma in rats

Metabolites/groups

I (NC)

II (STZ)

III (STZ + DEN)

IV (STZ + DEN + asarone)

V (STZ + DEN + metformin)

HMDB

KEGG

Energy metabolism

       

Pyruvate (mg/dL)

1.33 ± 0.03

0.97 ± 0.11*

1.79 ± 0.09**

0.57 ± 0.07***,a

0.66 ± 0.02***,a

HMDB00243

C00022

Lactate (mg/dL)

42.33 ± 1.49

35.50 ± 5.01

74.00 ± 9.17*

46.39 ± 3.46c

44.88 ± 8.76c

HMDB00190

C00186

Creatine (mg/dL)

1.27 ± 0.13

0.85 ± 0.05

2.61 ± 0.55*

1.30 ± 0.16c

1.36 ± 0.31†

HMDB00064

C00300

Lipid metabolism

       

Acetate (mg/dL)

0.22 ± 0.02

1.88 ± 0.34***

1.71 ± 0.23***

0.73 ± 0.13c

0.48 ± 0.12b

HMDB00042

C00033

Amino acid metabolism

       

Valine (mg/dL)

1.60 ± 0.13

1.01 ± 0.32

1.12 ± 0.08

1.47 ± 0.21

1.19 ± 0.17

HMDB00883

C00183

Alanine (mg/dL)

6.45 ± 0.27

4.02 ± 0.39**

4.51 ± 0.29*

5.94 ± 0.35

6.78 ± 0.62b

HMDB00161

C00041

Glutamine (mg/dL)

8.03 ± 0.16

4.99 ± 0.36***

4.81 ± 0.25***

8.69 ± 0.18a

7.44 ± 0.59a

HMDB00641

C00064

  1. NC normal control; STZ streptozotocin; DEN diethylnitrosamine; HMDB Human Metabolome Database; KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
  2. The list of serum metabolites detected and matched with the HMDB and KEGG database and the effect of asarone and metformin in different experimental groups. All the values are presented as mean ± SEM; one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test, where, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to the normal group, cp < 0.05, bp < 0.01, ap < 0.001 compared to STZ + DEN-induced group and †p < 0.05 compared to STZ + DEN + Asarone-treated group