Table 5 Summary of ingredient’s information, health benefits, and side effects of the ED that are available in the market according to the classes of micronutrients (minerals), examples of ED available in market containing each ingredient, its health benefits, and side effects

Micronutrients

Minerals

Calcium (Ca)

Calcium is most typically associated with the development and metabolism of bone as a nutrient. Calcium is required for vascular contraction and vasodilation, muscular function, neuronal transmission, intracellular interaction, and hormone production in the circulatory system, extracellular fluid, muscle, and other tissues (Ross et al. 2011)

The prevention of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and blood pressure reduction has not only been linked to a sufficient of dietary calcium consumption but also with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and prevention of osteoporosis and colorectal adenomas (Cormick and Belizan 2019)

Excess consumption of calcium might lead to increase in the incidence of constipation, severe diarrhea, and abdominal pain (Li et al. 2018a, b)

Ross et al. (2011), Cormick and Belizan, (2019), Li et al. (2018a, b)

Iron (Fe)

Iron is a vital element for practically all living creatures since it is involved in a range of metabolic activities such as oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and electron transport (Abbaspour et al. 2014)

To prevent iron deficiency anemia especially to pregnant mothers and women during menstruation

For the adverse effects associated with oral iron intake, it is frequently reported to be gastrointestinal side effects which include nausea, flatulence, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and black or tarry stools (Tolkien et al. 2015)

Abbaspour et al. (2014), Tolkien et al. (2015)

Chromium (Cr)

Chromium is a trace mineral that can help with insulin sensitivity as well as protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism (Wilson and Ware 2017)

The exact mechanism by which chromium improves the body is unknown, and human insufficiency reports are uncommon (Wilson and Ware 2017)

N/A

Wilson and Ware (2017)

Zinc (Zn)

Chromium is a trace mineral that can help with insulin sensitivity as well as protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism (Wilson and Ware 2017)

The exact mechanism by which chromium improves the body is unknown, and human insufficiency reports are uncommon (Wilson and Ware 2017)

N/A

Wilson and Ware (2017)

Manganese (Mn)

Manganese (Mn) is a mineral that is mostly derived from food and water in the human body. Mn is absorbed by the gastrointestinal system and subsequently delivered to mitochondria-rich tissues (the liver, pancreas, and pituitary, in particular), where it is rapidly concentrated

Regulation of cellular energy, bone and growth of connective tissue, blood clotting and improve brain development (Avila et al. 2013)

Increased in oxidative stress, a well-established molecular mechanism of Mn-induced toxicity (Avila et al. 2013)

Avila et al. (2013)

Molybdenum (Mo)

Molybdenum is a crucial trace element for microorganisms, plants, and mammals. Molybdenum (Mo) is required in extremely small amounts by the human body (usually 100 mg per day1), as opposed to macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, salt, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chlorine, and others, which are required in larger amounts (Sabatino et al. 2018)

It helps break down toxic sulfites and prevents toxins from building up in the body by activating enzymes (Sabatino et al. 2018)

N/A

Sabatino et al. (2018)