Effects of Vernonia amygdalina methanol leaf extract and fractions on Ascaridia galli in experimentally infected birds with regard to its pathological effect

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Table 3 Phytochemical constituents of extract and fractions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves

Constituents	CME	Aqueous methanol fraction	EAF	BF
Alkaloids	+	+	+	+
Flavonoids	+	−	+	−
Saponins	+	+	−	+
Tannins	+	+	+	+
Steroids	+	−	+	+
Cardiac glycosides	+	−	−	+
Anthraquinones	+	+	+	+
Carbohydrates	+	+	−	+

−, absent; +, present; CME, crude methanol extracts; AMF, aqueous methanol fraction; HF, hexane fraction; EAF, ethyl acetate fraction; BF, butanol fraction