Table 1 Medicinal plants studied for their genotoxic potential
Sl no | References | Plants used | Family | Genotoxic assay | Result | Extract | Model organism/ cell line |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tsuboy et al. (2010) | Coccoloba mollis | Polygonaceae | Ames test, Comet assay, Micronucleus test | No genotoxic effect | Ethanol (95%) | HTC cell |
2 | Vidal et al. (2010) | Echinodorus macrophyllus | Alismataceae | Lysogenic induction assay | Genotoxic | Ethanol (70%) | E. coli |
3 | Boiera et al. (2010) | Passiflora alata | Passifloraceae | Comet and Micronucleus test | Genotoxic | Aqueous | Mice and Wistar Rat |
4 | Kulkarni et al. (2010) | Persea americana | Lauraceae | Chromosome aberration assay | Genotoxic | Methanol (50%) | Human peripheral blood cell |
5 | Chichioco-Hernandez et al. (2011) | Cassia fistula, Derris eliptica, Ficus elastica, Gliciridia sepium, Michelia alba, Pogostemon cablin, Ricinus communis | Fabaceae Fabaceae Moraceae Fabaceae Magnoliaceae Lamiaceae Euphorbiaceae | Vitotox assay | No genotoxic effect (genotoxic for P. cablin and R. communis) | Methanol (100%) | Salmonella typhimurium |
6 | Regner et al. (2011) | Pterocaulon polystachyum | Asteraceae | Comet assay | Genotoxic (Only in kidney tissue) | Hexane | Mice |
7 | Asare et al. (2012) | Phyllanthus niruni | Phyllanthaceae | Chromosome aberration assay | Non-genotoxic | Ethanol | Rat |
8 | Raymundo et al. (2012) | Maytenus robusta | Celastraceae | Comet assay | Weak genotoxic effect | Hydroalcohol | Mice |
9 | Ping et al. (2012) | Euphorbia hirta | Euphorbiaceae | Allium cepa assay | Dose dependent genotoxicity | Methanol | Allium cepa root |
10 | dos Santos et al. (2012) | Bauhinia platypetala | Leguminoceae | Alkaline comet assay | Genotoxic | Ethanol | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
11 | dos Santos et al. (2013) | Arrabidaea chica | Bignoniaceae | Micronucleus and alkaline comet assay | No genotoxic effect | Chloroform fraction | Mice |
12 | Soumaya et al. (2013) | Cyperus rotundus | Cyperaceae | Chromosome aberration assay | Genotoxic | Methanol | BALB/c mice |
13 | Demma et al. (2013) | Glinus lotoides | Ranunculaceae | Comet assay | Genotoxic | Methanol 60% | Rat |
14 | Boldbaatar et al. (2014) | Leptopyrum fumarioides | Amaryllidaceae | Comet assay | Genotoxic | Methanol | Mice |
15 | Nair and Van Staden (2014) | Boophone disticha | Euphorbiaecae | (review) | Non-genotoxic | - | - |
16 | Njoya et al. (2014) | Codiaeum variegatum | Euphorbiacea | Comet assay | Non-genotoxic | Aqueous | Mice lymphoma, primary hepatic cell, HepG2 cell |
17 | Discon et al. (2015) | Grewia tiliaefolia | Tiliaceae | Comet assay | Non-genotoxic | Methanol | Wistar rat and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell |
18 | Maronpot (2015) | Ashitaba Chalcone | Apiaceae | Bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosomal aberration, mouse micronuclear assay | Non-genotoxic | Cyclodextrin | Salmonella typhimurium, Mice |
19 | Shin et al. (2015) | Polygala tenuifolia | Polygalaceae | Bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosomal aberration, mouse micronuclear assay | Non-genotoxic | Ethanol 75% | Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli, mice, Chinese hamster |
20 | Eck-Varanka et al. (2015) | Lythrum salicaria | Lythraceae | Mussel Micronucleus test | Genotoxic | Aqueous | Unio pictorum |
21 | Akhtar et al. (2016) | Terminalia citrina | Combrataceae | Ames reverse mutagenicity assay | Genotoxic | Ethanol and aqueous | Salmonella typhimurium |
22 | Sassi et al. (2016) | Ceratonia siliqua | Fabaceae | Comet assay | No genotoxic effect | Aqueous | Murine Leukemia cell |
23 | de Oliveira et al. (2016) | Morus alba | Moraceae | Micronucleus test | Genotoxic | Ethanol | Swiss Mice |
24 | Mendonca et al. (2016) | Cecropia pachystachyca | Urticaceae | Comet and Micronucleus test | Genotoxic to brain tissue | Aqueous | Mice |
25 | Almeida et al. (2016) | Jatropha gossypiifolia | Euphorbiaceae | Allium cepa assay | Genotoxic (not in aqueous) | Ethanol | Allium cepa root |
26 | Nazari et al. (2017) | Glycyrrhiza glabra | Fabaceae | Review | Genotoxic at high doses | Aqueous Ethanol | Rat/mice |
27 | Sharif et al. (2017) | Kalanchoe laciniata | Crassulaceae | Ames and MTT assay | Weak genotoxic effect | Methanol and n-hexane | Salmonella typhimurium |
28 | Ishikawa et al. (2017) | Doliocarpus dentatus | Dilleniaceae | Comet and Micronucleus test | Not genotoxic | Ethanol | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
29 | Quadros et al. (2017) | Crataegus oxycantha | Rosaceae | Ames and micronucleus test | Genotoxic at high doses | Methanol (70%) | Leukocyte and HepG2 cell |
30 | Madikizela and McGaw (2017) | Pittosporum viridiflorum Hypoxis colchicifolia | Pittosporaceae Hypoxidaceae | Salmonella microsome assay | No reported genotoxicity | Acetone, Ethanol (70%), aqueous | Salmonella typhimurium |
31 | Acesio et al. (2017) | Annona muricata | Annonaceae | Micronucleus test | Non-genotoxic | Ethanol | Mice |
32 | Yonekubo et al. (2018) | Cratageus oxyacantha | Rosaceae | Comet and Micronucleus test | Genotoxic at high dose | Methanol (70%) | Mice |
33 | de Oliveira et al. (2018) | Vochysia divergens | Vochysiaceae | Micronucleus test | Genotoxic at high concentration | Ethanol | Male Swiss mice |
34 | Kahaliw et al. (2018) | Pterolobium stellatum, Otostegia integrifolia, Vernonia amygdalina | Fabaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae | Alkaline comet assay | Genotoxic | Methanol | HepG2 cells |
35 | Singh et al. (2018) | Meyna spinosa, Oroxylum indicum | Rubiaceae Bignoniaceae | Comet and Micronucleus test | MS (genotoxic); OI (non-genotoxic) | Hydroalcohol | BALB/c mice |
36 | Eriobotrya japonica | Rosaceae | Bacterial reverse mutation assay, micronucleus assay | Non-genotoxic | Ethanol | Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli. Chinese Hamster, mice | |
37 | Soleimani et al. (2019) | Silybum marianum | Asteraceae | Review | No genotoxic effect | - | Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli |
38 | de Medeiros et al. (2019) | Cereus jamacaru | Cactaceae | Micronucleus test | Genotoxic | Ethanol | Rat |
39 | Maistro et al. (2019) | Salix alba | Saliaceae | Comet assay | Low genotoxic effect; when not digested by Liver enzymes | Ethanol (70%) | Human peripheral leukocyte and HepG2 |
40 | Tsafantakis et al. (2019) | Opuntia ficus indica | Cacteceae | Comet and the yH2AX In-Cell Western Assay | Not genotoxic, but fruit flesh and seed extract -genotoxic | Aqueous | HepG2 cells |
41 | Rocha et al. (2019) | Pityrocarpa monilifomis | Fabaceae | Comet and Micronucleus test | Non-genotoxic | Cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, methanol | Mice |
42 | Boas et al. (2019) | Mangifera indica | Anacardiaceae | Comet and Micronucleus test | Non-genotoxic | Aqueous | Rat |
43 | Kon-Young et al. (2020) | GHX02 (A mixture) Gwaruin Haengin Hwangryeon Hwangkeum | Cucurbitaceae Rosaceae Ranunculaceae Lamiaceae | Comet assay, in vivo Micronucleus test, bacterial reverse mutation, in vitro chromosomal aberration assay | In vitro genotoxic In vivo non-genotoxic | Aqueous | Sprague–Dawley rats |
44 | Beeran et al. (2020) | Vernonia cinerea | Asteraceae | Comet assay | Genotoxic | Dichloromethane | Human adenocarcinoma |
45 | Paw et al. (2020) | Curcuma caesia | Zingiberaceae | Allium cepa assay | Negligible | Rhizome Oil | Allium cepa root |
46 | Gogoi et al. (2020) | Cymbopogon khasianus | Poaceae | Allium cepa assay | moderate effect | Methanol | Allium cepa root |
47 | Luo et al. (2020) | Eucommia ulmoides | Eucommiaceae | Micronucleus and chromosomal assay | non-genotoxic | Ethanol (70%) | Wistar rat and Mice |
48 | de Moura et al. (2020) | Himatanthus drasticus | Apocyanaceae | Comet assay | genotoxic | Aqueous | Mice |
49 | Szokalo et al. (2020) | Smallanthus sonchifolius | Asteraceae | Micronucelus test | Genotoxic at high doses | Aqueous | Chinese hamster, HepG2 cell |
50 | Saravanan et al. (2020) | Kalanchoe pinnata | Crassulaceae | Bacterial reverse mutation assay, Mouse Lymphoma Tk assay, Micronucleus test | Weak genotoxic effect | Ethanol | Salmonella typhimurium, Mice |
51 | de Quadros et al. (2020) | Rubus rosifolius | Rosaceae | Comet and Micronucleus test | Genotoxic | Methanol | HepG2 cells |
52 | Zhao et al. (2020) | Alstonia scholaris | Apocynaceae | Bacterial reverse mutation test, Mammalian chromosomal test, Micronucleus test | Not genotoxic | indole alkaloid extract | Salmonella typhimurium, Chinese hamster, Mice |
53 | Dey et al. (2021) | Aristolochia indica | Aristolochiacaeae | Allium cepa assay | Genotoxic | Methanol | Allium cepa root |
54 | de Souza et al. (2020) | Chaptalia nutants | Asteraceae | Allium cepa assay | Not genotoxic | Hydromethanol | Allium cepa root |
55 | Ahmadi et al. (2021) | Ziziphora clinopodioides | Lamiaceae | Comet assay | Dose dependent genotoxicity | Ethanol | Human blood leukocyte |
56 | Tavares et al. (2021) | Sapindus saponaria | Sapindaceae | Ames test | Genotoxic | 10% (w/w) Insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) | HepG2 cells |
57 | Asita et al. (2021) | Cannabis sativa | Cannabaceae | Allium cepa assay | Genotoxic | Ethanol, methanol | Allium cepa root |
58 | Ribeiro et al. (2021) | Vitex megapotamica | Lamiaceae | Comet assay | non-genotoxic | Aqueous | Wistar rat |
59 | Ayubi et al. (2021) | Zataria multiflora | Lamiaceae | Comet assay | non-genotoxic | Hydroalcohol | Wistar rat |