Sr. No | Biological source | Common name | Active compound | Radioprotective action | Dose | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Adhatoda vasica (Acanthaceae) | Vasaka | Vesicine, vesicinone, betaine, vitamin C, b-carotene and vasakin | Irradiation showed significant protection in survival percentage and hematological parameters in mice. DRF 1.6 | 800Â mg/kg p.o | Kumar et al. (2005) |
2 | Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) | Bael | Skimmianine, luvangetin, psoralen, marmin, marmelide, aurapten, marmelosin, lupeol, aegelin, marmrsinin, eugenol, and coumarin | Provided protection against radiation-induced sickness and mortality in mice | 15Â mg/kg b.wt | |
3 | Allium cepa Linn (Alliaceae) | Bulb onion | Allyl propyl disulfide,31,8-cineole | Administration of the dried bulb effective against X-irradiation | 20Â mg/kg b.wt | Arora et al. (2005) |
4 | Allium sativum L. (Alliaceae) | Garlic | Allicin, flavonoids, phenol | Radioprotective efficacy of aged garlic extract (S-allyl cysteine, S-allylmercapto cysteine, allixin and selenium) possess significant antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties | 1gm/kg b. wt./day p.o | |
5 | Aloe arborescens (Liliaceae) | Indian aloe | Campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol | Extract protected mouse skin against soft x-irradiation by scavenging hydroxyl radicals and reducing alterations in enzyme activity | 750 mg/kg p.o | Sato et al. (1990) |
6 | Asparagus racemosus (Liliaceae) | Shatavari | 9,10-dihydro-1,5 dimehtoxy-8-methyl-2,7-phenanthrenediol, steroidal saponins, polysaccharides | Antioxidant effects of crude extract and a purified aqueous fraction of Asparagus racemosus against membrane damage induced by the free radicals generated during gamma radiation were examined in rat liver mitochondria and was effective | 10Â mg/ml on rat liver mitochondria | |
7 | Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) | Brahmi | Titerpene, flavonoid, phenolic acid, sterols, acetylenes | Aqueous extract protects Sprague Dawley rats against the adverse effects of low-dose ionizing radiation (2Â Gy). Administered orally, provides total body protection in mice against sublethal (8Â Gy) 60 Co gamma radiation | 100Â mg/kg b. wt; i.p.; single dose; -1Â h | Sharma and Sharma (2002) |
8 | Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) | Haldi, Turmeric | Curcumin | Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) has been reported to render radioprotective effect | 100Â mg/kg p.o | Choudhary et al. (1999) |
9 | Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae) | Amla | Tannins, alkaloids, quercetin, emblicanin A and B, and ellagotannin | EOE is effective in preventing gamma radiation- induced lipid peroxidation and protected mitochondrial SOD. It also prevents radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in a concentration-dependent manner | 100Â mg/kg p.o | |
10 | Ginkgo biloba (Cycadaceae) | Living Fossils | Ginkgetin and Ginkgolides (A & B) | An ethanol (30%) extract of the dried leaf is reported effective when tested on a culture exposed to clastogenic factors from plasma of human subjects exposed to irradiation and on rat cerebellar neuronal cell culture against hydroxyl radical-induced apoptosis | 100 µg/ml | Veerapur et al. (2009), Ni et al. (1996) and Emerit et al. (1995) |
11 | Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) | Liquorice | Glycyrrhizin | 70% methanolic extract protected rat microsomal membranes from gamma radiation-induced lipid peroxidation | 100 µg/mL | Kovalenko et al. (2003) |
12 | Mentha arvensis (Lamiaceae) | Mint | Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, diterpenes, and monoterpenes | Pre-irradiation treatment with chloroform extract protected mice against gastrointestinal and bone marrow death (DMF: 1.2) | 10Â mg/kg i.p | Jagetia and Baliga (2002) |
13 | Mentha piperita (Labiatae) | Peppermint | Menthol | Radioprotective activity on the vital radiosensitive organs like testis, gastrointestinal and hemopoetic system in mice | 1Â g/kg p.o | |
14 | Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) | Drumstick | Vitamin C | Leaf extract significantly reduced the percent aberrant cells in metaphase chromosomes to normal range by day 7 post-irradiation in mice | 150Â mg/kg single dose, pretreatment i.p | Rao et al. (2001) |
15 | Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae) | Meethineem | Oxalic acid, glycosides, carbazole alkaloids, koenigin, resin,girinimbin, isomahanimbin, koenine, koenigine, koenidineandkoenimbine. Mahanimbicine, bicyclomahanimbicine, phebalosin, coumarine | The radioprotective effects of M. koenigii leaf extract were evaluated against 4 Gy γ-irradiation in the liver of mice. The leaf extract itself was effective for significantly increasing reduced glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidant enzyme levels in the liver as well as it reduced the radiation-induced decrease in lipid peroxidation, thus indicating the antioxidant properties of extract possibly contributing for radioprotection | 100 mg/kg i.p | Iyer and Devi (2009) |
16 | Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) | Nutmeg | Myristicin, lignanand eugenol, abinene (15–50%), α-pinene(10–22%)and β-pinene(7–18%),with myrcene (0.7–3%), 1,8-cineole (1.5–3.5%), myristicin (0.5–13.5%), limonene (2.7–4.1%), safrole (0.1–3.2%) andterpinen4-ol(0–11%) | Protects testes of mice by inhibiting γ-radiation induced TBARS and increased the level of GSH | 500 µg/ml p.o | Checker et al. (2008) |
17 | Ocimum sanctum (Lamiaceae) | Tulsi | Orientin, Vicenin | Compounds orientin and vicenin significantly increased mouse survival when administered 30 min before lethal whole-body γ irradiation Vicenin provided slightly higher protection (DMF: 1.37), compared to orientin (DMF: 1.30) in a murine model system. Reduced the chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow of mice exposed to 2 Gy γ irradiation | 50 μg/kg/i.p | |
18 | Panax ginseng (Araliaceae) | Ginseng | Ginsenosides, Polysaccharides | The water-soluble whole plant extract of ginseng provided the best protection against Co60 gamma radiation in C3H mice | 300Â mg/kg i.p | Lee et al. (2005) |
19 | Piper betle Linn (Piperaceae) | Betel leaf | Chevibetol and allylpyrocatechol | Betel leaf has hydroxyls Superoxide radicals Scavenging property and also prevent radiation induced DNA strand breaks | 50 µg/ml | Jagetia and Venkatesha (2006) |
20 | Piper longum Linn (Piperaceae) | Indian Long Pepper | Monoterpenes (Z) p-ocimene, a-pinene and b-pinene, most common sesquiterpenes identified, E-caryophyllene and germacrene D, have the E, E-farnesyl-PP as fundamental precursor and only two were originated from E, Z-farnesyl-PP reactions (a-copaene and d-cadinene) | The ethanolic extract of fruits was found to protect mice against the radiation-induced decline in WBC, bone marrow cells a-esterase positive cells and GSH | 400Â mg/kg, i.p | Sunila et al. (2005) |
21 | Podophyllum hexandrum (Berberidaceae) | Indian Podophyllum | Epipodophyllotoin, podophyllotoxin, aryl tetrahydro naphthalene lignans | P. hexandrum has been shown to act in a multifaceted manner and provide protection to haematopoietic, gastrointestinal, reproductive and central nervous system (CNS) | 115Â mg/kg i.p | Sajikumar and Goel (2003) |
22 | Saccharum officinarum L (Gramineae) | Sugarcane | Phenolics | Increasing the number of crypt/circumference effects and growth-promoting activity | 42–55% fresh juice once on pBR322 | Kadam et al. (2008) |
23 | Spinacia oleracea L (Chenopodiaceae) | Spinach | Carotenoids, Ascorbic acid, Flavonoids and P-Coumaric acid | The radioprotective efficacy of spinach is against Gamma radiation-induced oxidative stress and also due to antioxidant constituents present in Spinach | 1100Â mg/kg p.o | Gaikwad (2010) |
24 | Syzygium cuminii (Linn.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) | Jamun | Acetyl oleanolic acid, triterpenoids, ellagic acid, Jambolin | In vivo evaluation established its radioprotective activity where it was found to reduce radiation-induced sickness, gastrointestinal and bone marrow deaths. Treatment of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with leaf extract before gamma radiation (3 Gy) significantly reduced micronuclei induction | 80 µg/ml | Tilak et al. (2003) |
25 | Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae) | Arjuna | Baicalein | Terminaliaarjuna bark, the methanolic extract administered once on rat liver mitochondrial preparation showed the highest antioxidant and radioprotection activity | 0.10% once on rat liver mitochondria | Tilak et al. (2003) |
26 | Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) | Black myrobalan | Ascorbate, gallic acid and ellagic acid | Aqueous extract of a natural herb, Terminaliachebula was tested for its ability to inhibit gamma-radiation induced lipid peroxidation and damage to superoxide dismutase enzyme in rat liver mitochondria which shows a significant radioprotection by its antioxidant property | 25–200 mg/ml p.o | Naik et al. (2004) |
27 | Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) | Guduchi | Cordifolioside-A, palmatine, tembetarine | A pure arabinogalactan polysaccharide, Genistein provides some protection against radiation-induced intestinal damage in mice. DMF: 1.16 | 5Â mg/kg and 200Â mg/kg p.o | Goel et al. (2004) |
28 | Vitis labrusca (Vitaceae) | Black grape juice | Trans-resveratrol | Inhibiting loss of body weight via reverse mandibular changes that interfere with normal feeding, attenuating the severity of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) as well as improving white and red blood cell counts | Fed ad libitum p.o | |
29 | Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) | Ginger | Zingerone | Reduced the severity of radiation sickness and mortality. The Zingiberofficinale treatment protected mice from gastrointestinal syndrome as well as bone marrow syndrome. The dose reduction factor was found to be 1.15 | 10Â mg/kg i.p., | Jagetia et al. (2003) |