Skip to main content

Table 1 Depiction of plants used for wound healing

From: Exploring the use of herbal drugs and advanced supporting techniques for wound healing

Sr. no

Plant name

Part used

Chemical constituent

Mechanism of wound healing

1.

Aloe Vera

Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae)

(Teplicki et al. 2018)

Leaf

Anthraquinone C-glycosides, Anthrones, anthraquinones, and lectins

Wound healing results from Aloe Vera by elevating the proliferation and relocation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes and by defending keratinocytes from preservative-induced death

2.

Centella asiatica

(Apiaceae)

(Sh Ahmed et al. 2019)

Aerial part

Asiaticoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid

Asiaticoside is an important chemical constituent present in Centella asiatica which act by different step like in initial step it acts by stimulation of antioxidant, then during skin wound repair promote angiogenesis and finally by promoting fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis which results in wound healing

3.

Pinus pinaster

(Pinaceae)

(Dogan et al. 2017)

Bark

Pycnogenol

Pycnogenol the chemical constituent present in pine bark causes a at the site of the wound

4.

Lavandula angstiforia

(Lamiaceae)

(Mori et al. 2016)

Leaves and Flowers

Monoterpene alcohols, esters, monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, ketones

Lavender oil promotes wound elevation by increasing the number of receptors on the surface of target cells, making the cells more sensitive to healing agents by development of granulation tissues, tissue remodeling by collagen replacement, and wound contraction through TGF-β receptor activation

5.

Argania spinosa

(Sapotaceae)

(Avsar et al. 2016)

Kernels

Tocopherol (Argan oil)

Anti-oxidant present in argan oil known as alpha-tocopherol shows its effect on cytokines, especially IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and TGF-β1, lipid peroxidation, and expression of various inflammatory genes which results in considerable changes in the treatment of burn wound healing

6.

Bursera morelensis

(Burseraceae)

(Salas-Oropeza et al. 2020)

Stems

p-menthane, β-phellandrene, α-pinene, caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, β-myrcene, sabinene, and p-cymene

B. morelensis contains essential oil which promotes wound healing by collagen synthesis and also stimulates the migration of fibroblast at the site of the wound

7.

Hypericum patulum, H. perforatum

(Hypericaceae)

(Wölfle et al. 2014)

Leaf

Hypericin, pseudohypericin

It promotes wound healing by collagen synthesis and migration of fibroblast

8.

Copaifera paupera

(Fabaceae)

(Amorim et al. 2017)

Trunk

Oleoresin

Oleoresin shows wound healing activity by decreasing the synthesis of MCP-1 and TNF-α and by increasing IL-10 synthesis

9.

Avicennia schaueriana

(Acanthaceae)

(Lopes et al. 2019)

Leaves

Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenes

The chemical constituents present in Avicennia schaueriana having the characteristic of astringent and antimicrobial activity which is helpful for wound healing by wound contraction and increasing epithelialization rate

10.

Cucurbita pepo

(Cucurbitaceae)

(Bardaa et al. 2016)

Seeds

Tocopherols, fatty acids (linoleic acid), and phytosterols

Wound healing was observed due to full re-epithelialization with the reoccurrence of skin appendages and systematic collagen fibers without inflammatory cells

11.

Ximenia americana

(Olacaceae)

(Souza Neto Júnior et al. 2019)

Stem, Roots and Bark

Tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids

Ximenia americana is responsible for angiogenic effects and improves the replacement of collagen results in a wound healing effect

12.

Fumaria vaillantii

(Papaveraceae)

(Lee et al. 2018)

Aerial parts

Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins

Wound healing is due to chemical constituents present in F. vaillantii which causes wound contraction and an enhanced rate of epithelialization

13.

Panax ginseng

(Araliaceae)

(Park et al. 2019)

Root

Ginsenosides, gypenoside LXXV

Gypenoside LXXV (G75) accelerates the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts which promotes wound closure

14.

Astragali Radix

(Fabaceae)

(Lee et al. 2018)

Dried roots

Astragalosides

Astragali radix accelerates EGFR activity which is present in HaCaT cells and also increases the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity in a dose-dependent manner

15.

Sauromatum guttatum

(Araceae)

(Said et al. 2019)

tubers

Flavonoids and alkaloids

Sauromatum guttatum enhanced wound healing activity by a different mechanism like upregulating various growth factors, cell division, maturation, and migration of various cells involved in healing

16.

Sapindus mukorossi

(Sapindaceae)

(Chen et al. 2019)

Seed

Unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, β-sitosterol, and δ-tocopherol

Wound healing is effective by improvement in CCD-966SK cell proliferation

17.

Euphorbia hirta

(Euphorbiaceae)

(Tuhin et al. 2017)

Leaves

Flavonoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids

Flavonoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids present in a plant enhanced the viability of collagen fibrils, increasing the strength of collagen fibers by a different mechanism such as augmenting the circulation or preventing the cell damage, or by promoting DNA synthesis

18.

Vaccaria segetalis

(Caryophyllaceae)

(Hou et al. 2020)

Seeds

Vaccarin

Vaccarin the chemical constituent present in the seeds of the given plant is responsible for wound healing activity by enhancing the expressions of protein kinase B, ERK, and p-bFGFR

19.

Berula angustifolia

(Apiaceae)

(Sanaei et al. 2018)

Leaves

–

The leaves of Berula angustifolia are used in diabetes-impaired wound healing and this plant is acted by a different mechanism such as intensified wound contraction, decreased epithelialization time, enhanced hydroxyproline content, improved mechanical indices, and histological characteristics

20.

Pupalia lappacea

(Amaranthaceae)

(Udegbunam et al. 2014)

Leaves

Stigmaesterol, 20-hydroxyl ecdysyne, docosanol

20-hydroxyl ecdysyne is responsible for wound healing by enhancement of protein synthesis

21.

Cydonia oblonga

(Rosaceae)

(Tamri et al. 2014)

Fruits (Seeds)

Phenolic compounds (Caffeoylquinic, 4-ocaffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids, lucenin-2, vicenin-2). Organic acids (Citric, ascorbic, malc, quinic, shikimic and fumaric acids)

Amino acids (Glutamic and aspartic acids and asparagine)

Cydonia oblonga enhanced the collagen synthesis and tensile strength of the affected wound tissue. It also increases the wound fluid levels of EGF, TGF-b1, VEGF, and PDGF which play a very important role in wound healing activity

22.

Ampelopsis japonica

(Vitaceae)

(Lee et al. 2015)

Dried tuberous root

Catechin, resveratrol, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and gallocatechin

Ampelopsis japonica extract shows wound healing activity during two phases one is inflammatory and another one is a proliferative phase and acts by increasing the scald wound repair

23.

Chrozophora tinctoria

(Euphorbiaceae)

(Maurya et al. 2016)

Leaves

Chrozophorin, apigenin, rutin, and acacetin

This plant acts by enhancing the level of collagen in the granulation tissues which results in wound healing activity

24.

Nigella sativa

(Ranunculaceae)

(Sallehuddin et al. 2020)

Seeds

Thymoquinone

The seeds of Nigella sativa contain Thymoquinone as an active constituent which shows wound healing activity due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties

25.

Elaeis guineensis

(Arecaceae)

(Sasidharan et al. 2010)

leaves

Tannins, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, terpenoids, and flavonoids

Among all the different chemical constituents Terpenoids present in Elaeis guineensis terpenoids are having a crucial role in wound healing activity. Methanolic extract enhances wound repair by different processes like collagen synthesis and maturation, wound contraction, and epithelialization

26.

Ficus racemose

(Moraceae)

(Bopage et al. 2018)

Bark

Lupeol and β-sitosterol

Ficus racemose contains Lupeol and β-sitosterol shows wound healing activity by accelerating the cell migration which is equal to cell proliferation

27.

Sida corymbose

(Malvaceae)

(John-Africa et al. 2013)

Leaves

Tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, terpenes, and sterols

Sida corymbose hastens wound area contraction and decreases the epithelialization period. It also involves various processes like vasoconstriction and platelet accumulation which results in fibrin synthesis and inflammation which causes vasodilatation and phagocytosis. It also promotes collagen deposition from new collagen, wound contraction, epithelialization, and an increase in tensile strength

28.

Blechnum orientale

(Blechnaceae)

(Lai et al. 2011)

Leaves

Tannins

It accelerates its activity as wound healing by acting on the proliferative stage including angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelization, and shrinking of wound

29.

Annona muricata

(Annonaceae)

(Moghadamtousi et al. 2015)

Leaves and stem bark

Alkaloids and essential oils

Ethanolic extract of Annona muricata enhances wound healing by contraction, epithelialization, collagen synthesis, decreasing oxidative and inflammatory stress in the affected area

30.

Artocarpus communis

(Moraceae)

(Yeh et al. 2017)

Heartwood

Artocarpin

Artocarpin enhances wound healing in different ways such as improving myofibroblast differentiation, proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, collagen synthesis and maturation, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis

31.

Aegle marmelos

(Rutaceae)

(Gautam et al. 2014)

Fruit pulp

Carotenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, pectins, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, and terpenoids

Histopathology studies suggest that the fruit pulp of Aegle marmelos decreases the inflammation. Fruit pulp decreased free radicals and increases collagen deposition results in an increase in wound healing

32.

Moringa oleifera

(Moringaceae)

(Muhammad et al. 2013)

Leaves

Methanolic extract: Kaempferol, quercetin

Aq. Extract

Vicenin-2

Wound healing results from increased proliferation and migration of HDF (human dermal fibroblast) cells

33.

Bacopa monniera

(Plantaginaceae)

(Murthy et al. 2013)

Whole plant

Saponins, glycosides, and alkaloids

Due to a decrease in free radicals’ generation, antioxidant, increase collagen deposition whole plant of Bacopa monniera shows wound healing property

34.

Cinnamomum verum

(Lauraceae)

(Daemi et al. 2019)

Bark

Cinnamaldehyde, 2-hydroxyl cinnamaldehyde

Hydroethanolic extract of the plant increased cyclin D1 expression in different cells such as fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and keratinocytes result in increased proliferation. The study shows that the preparation of ointment formulation enhances wound healing properties

35.

Anacardium occidentale

(Anacardiaceae)

(da Silveira Vasconcelos et al. 2015)

Fruits

Vitamin C, carotenoids, phenolics, anthocyanins, yellow flavonoids, tannin

Unripe cashew apple juice (UNCAJ) gives better fibroblast activation due to the presence of mononucleocytes (MNC) and polymorphonucleocytes (PMN) results in promotes the wound healing effect

36.

Ephedra alata

(Ephedraceae)

(Kittana et al. 2017)

Whole plant

Flavonoids, alkaloids, phytosteroids, phenolic compounds, volatile oils, and tannins

Ephedra alata increases the deposition of collagen and fibrosis process which results in wound healing

37.

Ficus racemose

(Moraceae)

(Murti and Kumar 2012)

Roots

Saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids

An increase in collagen synthesis increases epithelialization which shows that Ficus racemose have wound healing activity

38.

Calotropis Procera

(Apocynaceae)

(Aderounmu et al. 2013)

Fresh latex

Cardenolides, tannins, and alkaloids

Calotropis latex induces florid granulation tissues and the ability to inhibit the exaggerated response of fibroblasts which improve wound healing