From: Exploring the use of herbal drugs and advanced supporting techniques for wound healing
Sr. no | Plant name | Part used | Chemical constituent | Mechanism of wound healing |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Aloe Vera Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae) (Teplicki et al. 2018) | Leaf | Anthraquinone C-glycosides, Anthrones, anthraquinones, and lectins | Wound healing results from Aloe Vera by elevating the proliferation and relocation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes and by defending keratinocytes from preservative-induced death |
2. | Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) (Sh Ahmed et al. 2019) | Aerial part | Asiaticoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid | Asiaticoside is an important chemical constituent present in Centella asiatica which act by different step like in initial step it acts by stimulation of antioxidant, then during skin wound repair promote angiogenesis and finally by promoting fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis which results in wound healing |
3. | Pinus pinaster (Pinaceae) (Dogan et al. 2017) | Bark | Pycnogenol | Pycnogenol the chemical constituent present in pine bark causes a at the site of the wound |
4. | Lavandula angstiforia (Lamiaceae) (Mori et al. 2016) | Leaves and Flowers | Monoterpene alcohols, esters, monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, ketones | Lavender oil promotes wound elevation by increasing the number of receptors on the surface of target cells, making the cells more sensitive to healing agents by development of granulation tissues, tissue remodeling by collagen replacement, and wound contraction through TGF-β receptor activation |
5. | Argania spinosa (Sapotaceae) (Avsar et al. 2016) | Kernels | Tocopherol (Argan oil) | Anti-oxidant present in argan oil known as alpha-tocopherol shows its effect on cytokines, especially IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and TGF-β1, lipid peroxidation, and expression of various inflammatory genes which results in considerable changes in the treatment of burn wound healing |
6. | Bursera morelensis (Burseraceae) (Salas-Oropeza et al. 2020) | Stems | p-menthane, β-phellandrene, α-pinene, caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, β-myrcene, sabinene, and p-cymene | B. morelensis contains essential oil which promotes wound healing by collagen synthesis and also stimulates the migration of fibroblast at the site of the wound |
7. | Hypericum patulum, H. perforatum (Hypericaceae) (Wölfle et al. 2014) | Leaf | Hypericin, pseudohypericin | It promotes wound healing by collagen synthesis and migration of fibroblast |
8. | Copaifera paupera (Fabaceae) (Amorim et al. 2017) | Trunk | Oleoresin | Oleoresin shows wound healing activity by decreasing the synthesis of MCP-1 and TNF-α and by increasing IL-10 synthesis |
9. | Avicennia schaueriana (Acanthaceae) (Lopes et al. 2019) | Leaves | Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenes | The chemical constituents present in Avicennia schaueriana having the characteristic of astringent and antimicrobial activity which is helpful for wound healing by wound contraction and increasing epithelialization rate |
10. | Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) (Bardaa et al. 2016) | Seeds | Tocopherols, fatty acids (linoleic acid), and phytosterols | Wound healing was observed due to full re-epithelialization with the reoccurrence of skin appendages and systematic collagen fibers without inflammatory cells |
11. | Ximenia americana (Olacaceae) (Souza Neto Júnior et al. 2019) | Stem, Roots and Bark | Tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids | Ximenia americana is responsible for angiogenic effects and improves the replacement of collagen results in a wound healing effect |
12. | Fumaria vaillantii (Papaveraceae) (Lee et al. 2018) | Aerial parts | Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins | Wound healing is due to chemical constituents present in F. vaillantii which causes wound contraction and an enhanced rate of epithelialization |
13. | Panax ginseng (Araliaceae) (Park et al. 2019) | Root | Ginsenosides, gypenoside LXXV | Gypenoside LXXV (G75) accelerates the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts which promotes wound closure |
14. | Astragali Radix (Fabaceae) (Lee et al. 2018) | Dried roots | Astragalosides | Astragali radix accelerates EGFR activity which is present in HaCaT cells and also increases the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity in a dose-dependent manner |
15. | Sauromatum guttatum (Araceae) (Said et al. 2019) | tubers | Flavonoids and alkaloids | Sauromatum guttatum enhanced wound healing activity by a different mechanism like upregulating various growth factors, cell division, maturation, and migration of various cells involved in healing |
16. | Sapindus mukorossi (Sapindaceae) (Chen et al. 2019) | Seed | Unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, β-sitosterol, and δ-tocopherol | Wound healing is effective by improvement in CCD-966SK cell proliferation |
17. | Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae) (Tuhin et al. 2017) | Leaves | Flavonoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids | Flavonoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids present in a plant enhanced the viability of collagen fibrils, increasing the strength of collagen fibers by a different mechanism such as augmenting the circulation or preventing the cell damage, or by promoting DNA synthesis |
18. | Vaccaria segetalis (Caryophyllaceae) (Hou et al. 2020) | Seeds | Vaccarin | Vaccarin the chemical constituent present in the seeds of the given plant is responsible for wound healing activity by enhancing the expressions of protein kinase B, ERK, and p-bFGFR |
19. | Berula angustifolia (Apiaceae) (Sanaei et al. 2018) | Leaves | – | The leaves of Berula angustifolia are used in diabetes-impaired wound healing and this plant is acted by a different mechanism such as intensified wound contraction, decreased epithelialization time, enhanced hydroxyproline content, improved mechanical indices, and histological characteristics |
20. | Pupalia lappacea (Amaranthaceae) (Udegbunam et al. 2014) | Leaves | Stigmaesterol, 20-hydroxyl ecdysyne, docosanol | 20-hydroxyl ecdysyne is responsible for wound healing by enhancement of protein synthesis |
21. | Cydonia oblonga (Rosaceae) (Tamri et al. 2014) | Fruits (Seeds) | Phenolic compounds (Caffeoylquinic, 4-ocaffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids, lucenin-2, vicenin-2). Organic acids (Citric, ascorbic, malc, quinic, shikimic and fumaric acids) Amino acids (Glutamic and aspartic acids and asparagine) | Cydonia oblonga enhanced the collagen synthesis and tensile strength of the affected wound tissue. It also increases the wound fluid levels of EGF, TGF-b1, VEGF, and PDGF which play a very important role in wound healing activity |
22. | Ampelopsis japonica (Vitaceae) (Lee et al. 2015) | Dried tuberous root | Catechin, resveratrol, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and gallocatechin | Ampelopsis japonica extract shows wound healing activity during two phases one is inflammatory and another one is a proliferative phase and acts by increasing the scald wound repair |
23. | Chrozophora tinctoria (Euphorbiaceae) (Maurya et al. 2016) | Leaves | Chrozophorin, apigenin, rutin, and acacetin | This plant acts by enhancing the level of collagen in the granulation tissues which results in wound healing activity |
24. | Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) (Sallehuddin et al. 2020) | Seeds | Thymoquinone | The seeds of Nigella sativa contain Thymoquinone as an active constituent which shows wound healing activity due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties |
25. | Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae) (Sasidharan et al. 2010) | leaves | Tannins, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, terpenoids, and flavonoids | Among all the different chemical constituents Terpenoids present in Elaeis guineensis terpenoids are having a crucial role in wound healing activity. Methanolic extract enhances wound repair by different processes like collagen synthesis and maturation, wound contraction, and epithelialization |
26. | Ficus racemose (Moraceae) (Bopage et al. 2018) | Bark | Lupeol and β-sitosterol | Ficus racemose contains Lupeol and β-sitosterol shows wound healing activity by accelerating the cell migration which is equal to cell proliferation |
27. | Sida corymbose (Malvaceae) (John-Africa et al. 2013) | Leaves | Tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, terpenes, and sterols | Sida corymbose hastens wound area contraction and decreases the epithelialization period. It also involves various processes like vasoconstriction and platelet accumulation which results in fibrin synthesis and inflammation which causes vasodilatation and phagocytosis. It also promotes collagen deposition from new collagen, wound contraction, epithelialization, and an increase in tensile strength |
28. | Blechnum orientale (Blechnaceae) (Lai et al. 2011) | Leaves | Tannins | It accelerates its activity as wound healing by acting on the proliferative stage including angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelization, and shrinking of wound |
29. | Annona muricata (Annonaceae) (Moghadamtousi et al. 2015) | Leaves and stem bark | Alkaloids and essential oils | Ethanolic extract of Annona muricata enhances wound healing by contraction, epithelialization, collagen synthesis, decreasing oxidative and inflammatory stress in the affected area |
30. | Artocarpus communis (Moraceae) (Yeh et al. 2017) | Heartwood | Artocarpin | Artocarpin enhances wound healing in different ways such as improving myofibroblast differentiation, proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, collagen synthesis and maturation, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis |
31. | Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) (Gautam et al. 2014) | Fruit pulp | Carotenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, pectins, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, and terpenoids | Histopathology studies suggest that the fruit pulp of Aegle marmelos decreases the inflammation. Fruit pulp decreased free radicals and increases collagen deposition results in an increase in wound healing |
32. | Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) (Muhammad et al. 2013) | Leaves | Methanolic extract: Kaempferol, quercetin Aq. Extract Vicenin-2 | Wound healing results from increased proliferation and migration of HDF (human dermal fibroblast) cells |
33. | Bacopa monniera (Plantaginaceae) (Murthy et al. 2013) | Whole plant | Saponins, glycosides, and alkaloids | Due to a decrease in free radicals’ generation, antioxidant, increase collagen deposition whole plant of Bacopa monniera shows wound healing property |
34. | Cinnamomum verum (Lauraceae) (Daemi et al. 2019) | Bark | Cinnamaldehyde, 2-hydroxyl cinnamaldehyde | Hydroethanolic extract of the plant increased cyclin D1 expression in different cells such as fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and keratinocytes result in increased proliferation. The study shows that the preparation of ointment formulation enhances wound healing properties |
35. | Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) (da Silveira Vasconcelos et al. 2015) | Fruits | Vitamin C, carotenoids, phenolics, anthocyanins, yellow flavonoids, tannin | Unripe cashew apple juice (UNCAJ) gives better fibroblast activation due to the presence of mononucleocytes (MNC) and polymorphonucleocytes (PMN) results in promotes the wound healing effect |
36. | Ephedra alata (Ephedraceae) (Kittana et al. 2017) | Whole plant | Flavonoids, alkaloids, phytosteroids, phenolic compounds, volatile oils, and tannins | Ephedra alata increases the deposition of collagen and fibrosis process which results in wound healing |
37. | Ficus racemose (Moraceae) (Murti and Kumar 2012) | Roots | Saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids | An increase in collagen synthesis increases epithelialization which shows that Ficus racemose have wound healing activity |
38. | Calotropis Procera (Apocynaceae) (Aderounmu et al. 2013) | Fresh latex | Cardenolides, tannins, and alkaloids | Calotropis latex induces florid granulation tissues and the ability to inhibit the exaggerated response of fibroblasts which improve wound healing |