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Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Table 1 Physico-chemical characteristics of palm oil effluents to which Heteroclarias were exposed for 28 days

From: Haemato-biochemical and ionic regulatory responses of the hybrid catfish, Heteroclarias, to sublethal concentrations of palm oil mill effluents

 

Value

Local regulatory limit

International regulatory limit

NSDWQ (2005)

NIS (2007)

NESREA (2011)

TDIW (1997)

USEPA (2011)

WHO (2011)

Physico-chemical parameter

Temperature (°C)

36.58 ± 7.90

30–32

N/A

N/A

N/A

 

30–32

pH

5.78 ± 0.32

6.50–8.50

6.50–9.50

6.00–9.00

5.00–9.00

6.50–8.50

6.50–8.50

EC (µS/cm)

823.25 ± 70.31

N/A

1000

N/A

N/A

N/A

1,000

TDS (mg/l)

2,036.02 ± 186.23

500

500

500

N/A

500

< 1000

BOD (mg/l)

256.90 ± 26.50

N/A

N/A

50

< 100

250

N/A

COD (mg/l)

1.992.04 ± 71.18

N/A

N/A

90

< 1000

410

N/A

Total alkalinity (mg/l)

512.76 ± 31.44

N/A

NA

150

N/A

20

N/A

Nitrates (NO3− mg/l)

68.23 ± 7.81

N/A

50

10

N/A

10

50

Sulphate (SO42 mg/l)

169.20 ± 16.43

N/A

100

N/A

N/A

N/A

500

Chloride (mg/l)

626.09 ± 23.10

> 1.50

250

N/A

N/A

250

N/A

Metal content (mg/l)

Copper (Cu)

1.42 ± 0.22

N/A

1000

0.5

N/A

1.3

2000

Cadmium (Cd)

0.91 ± 0.03

N/A

0.003

0.2

N/A

0.01

0.003

Chromium (Cr)

0.68 ± 0.21

N/A

  

N/A

  

Iron (Fe)

0.39 ± 0.01

N/A

0.300

N/A

N/A

0.3

N/A

Lead (Pb)

0.18 ± 0.02

0.01

0.01

0.05

N/A

0.02

0.01

Zinc (Zn)

4.03 ± 0.05

N/A

3000

 

N/A

5

N/A

  1. EC electrical conductivity, TDS total dissolved solids, BOD biological oxygen demand, COD chemical oxygen demand, NSDWQ Nigeria Standard drinking water quality, NIS Nigeria Industrial Standard, NESREA National Environmental Standard Regulation Enforcement Agency, TDIW Thai Department of Industrial Works, USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency, WHO World Health Organization, N/A not available
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