A review of the health implications of heavy metals and pesticide residues on khat users

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Table 8 Selected studies on the association between hypertension and khat chewing

Type of study	Region/ Country of study	Association with hypertension	Mean age of participants	Prevalence rate of hypertension	References
Comparative study	Butajira, Ethiopia	Yes	NP*	Prevalence of 13.4% for khat chewers while 10.7% for non-khat chewers	Miller et al., (2010)
Facility-based cross-sectional	Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Yes	41.17 years	Prevalence was 14% for khat chewers who were patients in health centers
Cross-sectional based	Ethiopia	Yes	NP*	No information on prevalence was provided. Prevalent conditions include lack of enough physical exercise, low salt intake and relatively high weight	Niriayo et al. (2019)
Institution-based cross-sectional based	Sidama zone, Ethiopia	Yes	NP*	Prevalence was 24.5%. Khat chewing, alcohol consumption, old age and obesity are prevalent conditions	Badego et al. (2020)
Hospital-based cross-sectional based	Ethiopia	Yes	42.30 years	Prevalence was 13.2%. Family history of hypertension, overweight, oral contraceptive and diabetes mellitus are prevalent conditions	Gudina et al. (2013)
Community-based	Gurage zone, Ethiopia	Yes	34.36 years	The prevalence was 17.4% for Khat chewers and 8.7% for non-Khat chewers. Age, gender and alcohol intake are prevalent conditions	Geta et al. (2019)