Table 6 Potential health effects associated with organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides applied in khat farming
From: A review of the health implications of heavy metals and pesticide residues on khat users
Classification of pesticide | Trade name | Molecular formula | Name of the organic active ingredient | Potential health effects and hazards linked to high levels of exposure | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organophosphates | Actellic | C11H20N3O3PS | Primiphos-methyl or O-[2-(Diethylamino)-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl]Â O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate | Cholinesterase inhibitor | Syngenta (2013) |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Eye and skin irritant | WHO (2013) |
| Â | Malathion | C10H19O6PS2 | O,O-dimethyl dithiophosphate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate | Cholinesterase inhibitor Dermal toxicity Reproductive and developmental effects in mammals Endocrine disruption | Olovi et al. (2013) Cabello et al. (2003) Tchounwou et al. (2015) |
| Â | Diazinon | C12H21N2O3PS | O,O-Diethyl O-[4-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl] phosphorothioate | Endocrine disruption | Nicolopoulou-Stamati P et al. (2016) |
Organochlorines | DDT | C14H9Cl5 | Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane | Possible carcinogen Endocrine disruption Poor embryonic development | Wallace (2015) Garabrant et al. (1992) Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al. (2016) Tiemann (2008) |
| Â | DDE | C14H8Cl4 | Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene | Possible carcinogen Neurodevelopment effect in children Endocrine disruption | Breast Cancer Fund Organization (2004) Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al. (2016) Eskenazi et al. (2006) |
| Â | Aldrin | C12H8Cl6 | Hexachlorohexahydrodimethano-naphthalene | Endocrine disruption | Lemaire et al. (2006) |
| Â | BHC | C6H6Cl6 | Benzene hexachloride | Endocrine disruption | Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al. (2016) |