Table 3 Antimicrobial resistance rates of S. aureus in humans

Resistance rates in S. aureus isolates from human colonization

 Penicillin(420)

(96–100)

(416/420)

(99%)

Joachim et al. (2018), Geofrey et al. (2015), Joachim et al. (2017), Moremi et al. (2019)

 Ampicillin (151)

(84–100)

(133/151)

(88%)

Katakweba et al. (2016), Okamo et al. (2016), Ngocho et al. (2015)

 Tetracycline (381)

(9–95)

(103/381)

(27%)

Geofrey et al. (2015), Moyo et al. (2014), Katakweba et al. (2016), Okamo et al. (2016), Moremi et al. (2019)

 Erythromycin (402)

(19–100)

(163/402)

(41%)

Joachim et al. (2018), Geofrey et al. (2015), Okamo et al. (2016), Moremi et al. (2019)

 Gentamicin (540)

(9–34)

(105/540)

(21%)

Joachim et al. (2018), Joachim et al. (2017), Moyo et al. (2014), Katakweba et al. (2016), Moremi et al. (2019), Ngocho et al. (2015)

 Co-trimoxazole (443)

(14–66)

(205/443)

(46%)

Joachim et al. (2018), Geofrey et al. (2015), Moyo et al. (2014), Katakweba et al. (2016), Moremi et al. (2019)

 Ciprofloxacin (233)

(4–11)

(15/233)

(6%)

Joachim et al. (2017), Moyo et al. (2014)

 Clindamycin (336)

(9–76)

(33/336)

(9.8%)

Joachim et al. (2018), Geofrey et al. (2015), Moremi et al. (2019)

 Cefoxitin (546)

(2–100)

(103/546)

(19%)

Joachim et al. (2018, Geofrey et al. (2015), Moyo et al. (2014), Okamo et al. (2016), Moremi et al. (2019)

Resistance rates in S. aureus isolates from invasive (blood-borne) infections

 Penicillin (46)

(23–80)

(40/46)

(87%)

Kayange et al. (2010), Onken et al. (2015), Thriemer et al. (2012)

 Ampicillin (50)

(85–100)

(46/50)

(92%)

Mhada et al. (2012, Seni et al. (2019a)

 Erythromycin (60)

(20–66)

(38/60)

(63%)

Kayange et al. (2010), Seni et al. (2019a, Thriemer et al. (2012)

 Gentamicin (50)

(26–56)

(21/50)

(42%)

Mhada et al. (2012), Seni et al. (2019a)

 Co-trimoxazole (69)

(22–96)

(46/69)

(66%)

Kayange et al. (2010), Seni et al. (2019a), Onken et al. (2015), Thriemer et al. (2012)

 Clindamycin (32)

(44)

(14/32)

(44%)

Kayange et al. (2010)

 Methicillin (245)

(23)

(57/245)

(23%)

Moyo et al. (2010)

 Cefoxitin (69)

(0–32)

(17/69)

(25%)

Kayange et al. (2010; Seni et al. (2019a), Onken et al. (2015), Thriemer et al. (2012)

Resistance rates in S. aureus isolates from non-invasive infections

 Penicillin (202)

(30–100)

(183/202)

(91%)

Manyahi et al. (2014), Kazimoto et al. (2018), Moremi et al. (2014), Marwa et al. (2015), Moremi et al. (2012)

 Ampicillin (263)

(47–88)

(177/263)

(67%)

Mhada et al. (2012), Mwambete and Eulambius (2018)

 Tetracycline (67)

(6–45)

(14/67)

(21%)

Marwa et al. (2015), Mushi et al. (2016), Moremi et al. (2012)

 Erythromycin (221)

(14–46)

(81/221)

(37%)

Moremi et al. (2014), Marwa et al. (2015), Mushi et al. (2016), Moremi et al. (2012)

 Gentamicin (339)

(11–52)

(110/339)

(32%)

Mhada et al. (2012), Mwambete and Eulambius (2018), Moremi et al. (2014), Mushi et al. (2016), Moremi et al. (2012)

 Co-trimoxazole (232)

(43–74)

(115/232)

(50%)

Mwambete and Eulambius (2018), Moremi et al. (2014), Marwa et al. (2015), Mushi et al. (2016) Seni et al. (2019b), Moremi et al. (2012)

 Ciprofloxacin (187)

(4–25)

(20/187)

(17%)

Mwambete and Eulambius (2018), Marwa et al. (2015), Mushi et al. (2016)

 Clindamycin (42)

(21–63)

(19 /42)

(45%)

Moremi et al. (2014), Moremi et al. (2012)

 Cefoxitin (226)

(1–100)

(55/226)

(24%)

Manyahi et al. (2014), Kazimoto et al. (2018), Moremi et al. (2014), Mushi et al. (2016), Moremi et al. (2012)