Table 1 Illustrate a few potential treatments for COVID-19 approved for human clinical trials
From: An outline of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the complement cascade of immune system
Vaccine/drug molecule | Clinical trials | Description |
|---|---|---|
ADZ1222 (ChAdO × 1 nCoV-19) | NCT0432606 | Attenuated Adenovirus exhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in its surface (Zhang et al. 2020b; Cai et al. 2020) |
Ad5-nCoV | NCT04313127, NCT04341389, NCT04398147 | Replication-impaired Adenovirus integrated with a full length nCoV-19 spike protein (Shi et al. 2020; Lythgoe and Middleton 2020) |
INO-4800 | NCT04336410 | Based on plasmid DNA encoded with antigens found in nCoV-19 (Le et al. 2020) |
AMY-101 | NCT04395456 | Pro-inflammatory complement system C3 blockade agent and hope with C5a inactivation (Zhou et al. 2019; Mastaglio et al. 2020) |
Ravulizumab | NCT04369469, NCT04390464 | Monoclonal antibody-based treatment that halts the activation of inflammatory component system C5 (Zhou et al. 2019; Lee et al. 2019; Kulasekararaj et al. 2019) |
Baricitinib | NCT04321993, NCT04345289, NCT04393051 | It is aimed to inhibit JAK/STAT signaling pathway to reduce cytokine production (Richardson et al. 2020) |
Ifenprodil | NCT04382924 | It is an N-methyl-D-Aspartate inhibitor targeted to alleviate T-cell cytokine production (Allen et al. 2020) |
Interferon-α | NCT04320238 | It is a cytokine mainly produced by the immune system to fight against the army of a virus (Cao et al. 2020) |
Convalescent plasma | NCT04321421, NCT04338360, NCT04397757 | Plasma-based immunotherapy, obtained from COVID-19 recovered patient, which contain specific antibiotics, enzymes and essential proteins that may be protective against nCoV-19 (Liu et al. 2020a; Chen et al. 2020; Shen et al. 2020; Duan et al. 2020; Bloch et al. 2020) |
Ribavirin | NCT04356677, NCT04276688 | It is a nucleoside analog antiviral molecule induce mutation in the viral genome that can be lethal (Li et al. 2020b; Guo et al. 2020; Dong et al. 2020; Khalili et al. 2020; Hung et al. 2020) |
Remdesivir | NCT04292730, NCT04280705, NCT04373044 | A nucleoside analog antiviral drug that interferes with SARS-CoV-2 replication (Devaux et al. 2020; Wu et al. 2020a; Wang et al. 2020; Grein et al. 2020) |
Ritonavir | NCT04321993, NCT04350684, NCT04366245 | It is a protease inhibitor that can be very effective by inhibiting viral proteases and host proteases that degrade antivirals (Huang et al. 2020; Dariya and Nagaraju 2020; Lim et al. 2020; Cao et al. 2020) |
Lopinavir | NCT04303299, NCT04255017, NCT04376814 | It is an anti-retroviral drug that works by binding with viral proteases (Shetty et al. 2020; Chandel et al. 2020; Cao et al. 2020) |
Artemisinin | NCT04387240, NCT043872040 | It is also used to treat malaria but believed to have antiviral properties (SEHAILIA 2020; Smit et al. 2020) |