Table 1 Commonly used species of genus Fritillaria with their folk uses

1

Fritillaria ebeiensis

–

High antitussive and expectorant effects. A crude drug Ebeibeimu is prepared by treating its bulbs with lime and then bleached in sun, serves as a substitute drug for Beimu used for moisturizing lungs, clearing heat, treating cough, asthma and tracheitis like throat diseases

Yu et al. (1985); Li et al. (1994), Wu et al. (1995)

2

Fritillaria cirrhosa

Chuanbeimu

Used to treat cough and asthma, Bulbs can be used as remedies for clearing the lungs of phlegm and cooling heat

Bensky et al. (2004); Bensky and Gamble (1993); Li et al. (2006a, b, 2009), Konchar et al. (2011), Wang et al. (2011)

3

Fritillaria thunbergii

Zhebeimu

Used as antitussive, antiasthmatic and expectorant, to treat various diseases like cough, eliminating phlegm, relieving pain and anti-inflammatory disorders

Qian and Xu (1985); Xiao et al. (1992); Zhou et al. (2003); Peng et al. (2012)

4

Fritillaria pallidiflora

Yibeimu

Cough treatment in TCM, used as antitussive, expectorant and antiasthmatic medicine

Li et al. (1993); Zhou et al. (2003)

5

Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim

Ping-Beimu

Used to treat swollen throat and lung ailments in Chinese medicine

Perry (1980)

6

Fritillaria maximowiczii

–

Used to treat cough

-

7

Fritillaria imperialis

–

Treatment of various diseases like asthma, sore throat, bronchitis, cough, scrofula, haemoptysis, dysuria and gland tumour. Home remedy for haemorrhage, cough and phlegm, high fever, treatment of abscess, lack of milk, eye disease, asthma, rheumatism and act as antianxiety/ depression

Bailey (1966), Perry (1980), Aydın et al. (2018), Abbaszadeh et al. (2019)

8

Fritillaria roylei

Kakoli

Ayurveda drug Ashtavarga is prepared, used for fever, burning sensation, phthisis and broncho-asthma

Singh (2006), shaheen et al. (2014)

9

Fritillaria anhuiensis

–

Used to treat asthma

Shou et al. (2009)

10

Fritillaria unibracteata

–

Used as antitussive, antiasthmatic and expectorant agents in TCM

Liang (2004)

11

Fritillaria verticillata

–

Cough remedies

Da-Cheng et al. (2013)

12

Fritillaria tortifolia

–

Folk medicine in Uygur medicine

Hu et al. (2018)

13

Fritillaria delavayi

–

Used antitussive and apophlegmatic

Duan et al. (2012)