Uranium contamination of milk from cattle in the uranium-mining area in Siavonga District of Zambia: a preliminary human health risk assessment

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Table 2 Concentrations, cow milk estimated daily intakes, target hazard quotients and target carcinogenic risks of U consumed by Zambian adults and children

	Sample (n = 223)	Concentration of U (µg/L) ± SD	Estimated daily intake (µg/kg-bw/day)		Target hazard quotient (THQ)		Target carcinogenic risk (TCR)
	Sample (n = 223)	Concentration of U (µg/L) ± SD	Adults (64 years)	Children (16 years)	Adults (64 years)	Children (16 years)	Adults (64 years)	Children (16 years)
Case (U mine area)^a	n = 100	0.83 ± 0.64	0.23	0.80	0.08	0.27	1.5E−11	5.2E−11
Control (about 67KM from U mine area)^b	n = 123	0.08 ± 0.05	0.02	0.09	0.01	0.03	1.3E−12	5.85E−12
Maximum drinking water limit^c		30
Maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI)			2.00^d or 0.6^e
Risk safe limit^f					1		1.0E−6 < TCR < 1.0E−4