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Table 8 Occurrence of foliar necrosis during the study under experimental condition

From: Growth and yield performances of rice (Oryza sativa var. nerica) after exposure to biosynthesized nanoparticles

Treatments

Pattern of necrosis

Ferruginous

Non-ferruginous

MNT (days)

FNP (%)

MNT (days)

FNP (%)

AZ5%

Appeared first like patches and then spread all over the leaf until entire leaf became necrotic

3

45

5

100

CA5%

Began at the tip of the leaf and spread downwards until entire leaf became necrotic

4

35

8

29

ZO5%

Began at the tip of the leaf and spread downwards until entire leaf became necrotic

2

38

4

33

VA5%

Began at the tip of the leaf and spread downwards until entire leaf became necrotic

4

35

7

50

MO5%

Appeared first like patches and then spread all over the leaf until entire leaf became necrotic

6

40

11

28

AZ15%

Began at the tip of the leaf and spread downwards until entire leaf became necrotic

4

21

6

14

CA15%

Appeared first like patches located within the middle of the leaves, and then spread all over the leaf until entire leaf became necrotic

3

29

4

23

ZO15%

Began at the tip of the leaf and spread downwards until entire leaf became necrotic

3

33

5

27

VA15%

Began at the tip of the leaf and spread downwards until entire leaf became necrotic

3

23

5

18

MO15%

Appeared first like burnt patches as well as a couple of brown patches. Thereafter the entire leaf became necrotic

7

30

11

35

AZ30%

Appeared first like patches located within the middle of the leaves, and then spread all over the leaf until entire leaf became necrotic

5

40

8

17

CA30%

Began at the tip of the leaf and spread downwards until entire leaf became necrotic

8

38

12

25

ZO30%

Began at the tip of the leaf and spread downwards until entire leaf became necrotic

5

41

7

29

VA30%

Began at the tip of the leaf and spread downwards until entire leaf became necrotic

2

56

4

40

MO30%

Began at the tip of the leaf and spread downwards until entire leaf became necrotic

3

22

6

13

Control

Began at the tip of the leaf and spread downwards until entire leaf became necrotic

4

34

6

20

p value

Not applicable

0.169

0.512

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  1. MNT Modal necrosis time, FNP Foliar necrosis percent, CA Carica papaya, VA Vernonia amygdalina, MO Moringa oleiofera, AZ Azadiracta indica ZO Hibiscus sabderiffa