The antimicrobial and antioxidant property, GC–MS analysis of non-edible oil-seed cakes of neem, madhuca, and simarouba

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Table 1 Antibacterial activity of cold and hot acetone extracts of neem, madhuca, and simarouba oil-seed cakes

Oil-seed cake / extraction solvents/ Standard antibiotics	ZI (mm) in test bacterial isolates¹
	Extract Conc (%)	Sa²	Ef²	Se³	Ec³	Pf³
Neem seed-cake
Cold-acetone
	100	0	9.8 ± 0.14	2.9 ± 0.12	2.2 ± 0.17	1.2 ± 0.14
	200	2.9 ± 0.008	12.0 ± 0.11	4.9 ± 0.08	5.2 ± 0.14	5.3 ± 0.11
Hot-acetone
	100	10.0 ± 0.08	0	0	3.0 ± 0.08	1.1 ± 0.08
	200	15.0 ± 0.11	1.3 ± 0.11	4.4 ± 0.08	5.4 ± 0.08	3.0 ± 0.11
Madhuca seed-cake
Cold-acetone⁴	200	8.1 ± 0.1	0	2.0 ± 0.08	2.2 ± 0.1	2.2 ± 0.1
Simarouba seed-cake
Cold-acetone
	100	10.0 ± 0.08	7.1 ± 0.12	4.2 ± 0.12	0	1.3 ± 0.8
	200	13.9 ± 0.08	10 ± 0.11	18.0 ± 0.15	2.2 ± 0.08	3.2 ± 0.12
Hot-acetone
	100	1.2 ± 0.12	1.1 ± 0.08	12.2 ± 0.12	0	0.5 ± 0.03
	200	2.4 ± 0.08	3.4 ± 0.08	18.9 ± 0.08	5.0 ± 0.08	1.3 ± 0.1
Standards
Amoxicillin	5⁵	11.0 ± 0.1	10.0 ± 0.14	12.0 ± 0.12	11.0 ± 0.17	15 ± 0.08
Ciprofloxacin	5	32.0 ± 0.1	30.0 ± 0.14	32.0 ± 0.12	30.0 ± 0.17	30.0 ± 0.08
Chloramphenicol	5	20.0 ± 0.1	20.0 ± 0.14	21.0 ± 0.12	21.0 ± 0.17	20.0 ± 0.08
DMSO	20⁶	0	0	0	0	0

¹Values are mean of three replicates (n = 3); crude extracts were dissolved in DMSO (200 mg in 1 ml of DMSO) Each well received 20 μL ml⁻¹ (4 mg well⁻¹)
²Gram-positive bacteria; Sa- Staphylococcus aureus and Ef- Enterococcus faecalis
³Gram-negative bacteria: Se- Salmonella enterica, Ec- Escherichia coli and Pf- Pseudomonas fluorescens
⁴Cold acetone extract of madhuca oil-seed cake inhibited only S. aureus at 100% (ZI = 5.1 ± 0.01)
⁵5 mg of standards dissolved in 1 ml of DMSO
⁶20 µL of DMSO (negative control) added to each well