Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Arisaema (Areaceae): a review

Ali, Heena; Yaqoob, Ubaid

doi:10.1186/s42269-021-00489-y

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Table 3 Various chemical compounds obtained from different species of Arisaema

From: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Arisaema (Areaceae): a review

S no	Plant species	Compound	Used against	Result	References
1	Arisaema curvatum Kunth	Lectins	Bactrocera cucurbitae	significant reduction in the percentage pupation and emergence of the adults	Singh et al. (2008)
2	Arisaema jacquemontii	Lectins	Bactrocera cucurbitae and in vitro proliferation of HCT-15 (82%), HOP-62 (77%), SW-620 (73%) and HT-29 (70%) cancer cell lines	A monocot lectin having potent anti-insect and anti-proliferative activity, anticancerous activity	Kaur et al. (2006), Tanveer et al. (2013)
		oxalic acid (1) (Fig. 2) and calcium oxalate (2) crystals, tannins, sterols, flavonoids, saponins, a calcium oxalate (2),alkaloid, protein, carbohydrates and oils	Skin diseases, ring worm, against insects, bacteria etc	Antibacterial activity, insecticidal activity antiproliferative activity, and successful in curing skin diseases and ring worms	Iqbal et al. (2018)
		terpenoids, Coumarins (51), quinones, glycosides Alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenols, and phenolics	mitogen induced T-cell and B-cell proliferation Immune Suppressed. Swiss albino mice, microbes and in food preprations	Considerable antioxidant, antitumour and immunomodulating potential	Sudan et al. (2014), Baba and Malik (2015)
		Triterpenoids,Arginine (18),Aspartic Acid (19), Leucine (20) (21), Serine (22),Threonine (23),Tyrosine (24) Arisaeminone (25),valine (26) 13-phenyltridecanoic acid (27) Alanine (17),	Against Plasmodium berghei vincke	strong antimalarial activity, helps in attaining muscular strength and useful for skin problems like blisters and pimples	Kletter and Kriechbaum (2001), Khan (2007), Jeelani et al. (2010), Banyal et al. (2014)
3	Arisaema erubescens	Aurantiamide acetate (N-benzoyl-1-phenylalany l-1 -phenylalaninol acetate); Paenol	Cancer disease	anticancer properties both in vitro and in vivo; Cytotoxic and anticancerous	Ducki et al. (1995)
		alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids and lectins	dampness, resolving phlegm, expelling wind, relieving convulsions, removing swelling and lumps	Eliminated dampness, resolving phlegm, expelling wind, relieving convulsions, removing swelling and lumps	Shangary et al. (1995), Jeelani et al. (2010), Liu et al. (2011)
		Nematocidal Flavone-C-Glycosides ( schaftoside and isoschaftoside)	Nematodes	Nematocidal activity	Du et al. (2011)
4	A. Intermedium Blume and A. wallichianum Hook	Lectins	Insect pests, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett),	Antiinsect	Kaur et al. (2005)
5	Arisaema decipiens	piperidine alkaloid (,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-6-(9-phenylnonyl) piperidine,and tetranortriterpenoids (6-deacetylnimbin, 28-deoxonimbolide and nimbin and limnoids	MCF-7 cell line, K562 and SK-OV-3 cell cancer cells. and tumour	Inhibition on MCF-7 cell line, K562 and SK-OV-3 cell cancer cells. and against tumour	Zhao et al. (2010)
6	A. amurense	Cytotoxic diacylglycerylgalactosides and antihepatotoxic cerebrosides	murine leukemia P388 and human colon adenocarcinoma DLD-1 cells	Hepatotoxicity and Anti-cancerous	Jung et al (1996a)
7	A. helleborifolium Schott	Lectins	Insect pest (Bactrocera cucurbitae) and in vitro proliferation of [HOP-62 (lung), HCT-15 (colon)	Insecticidal and inhibition to in vitro proliferation of [HOP-62 (lung), HCT-15 (colon)	Kaur et al. (2006)
8	A. flavum	Lectins,13-phenyltridecanoic Acid, Asparagine (28), Cysteine, Glycine (30), Norvaline (31), Ornithine (32), β-setosteryl Galactoside (34),alfa and beta amyrin (33)	J774 and P388D1 murine macrophage cancer cell lines	Antiproliferation of J774 and P388D1 murine macrophage cancer cell lines	Rastogi and Mehrotra, (1979), Singh et al. (2004)
9	A. vulgare Targ	2-alkylpyrrolidine and 2-alkylpiperidine alkaloids		Antitumour activity	Pezzuto et al. (1999)
10	Arisaema yunnanense		Pinellia ternate	adulterant of traditional medicine Pinellia ternate	Liu and Guo (2010)
11	Arisaema tortuosum Schott	The tubers contains n-alkanes, n-alkanols, stigmasterols, sitosterols, campesterol, cholesterol (11), choline chloride, staychydrine hydrochloride (13),Lutin, quercetin, Luteolin	Many cancer cell lines	Anticancerous	Dhuna et al. (2005)
			human cancer cell lines HT29, SiHa and OVCAR-5	inhibit in vitro proliferation of human cancer cell lines HT29	Miglani (1978), Pullaiah (2006), Nile and Park (2014)
		Flavonoids	Stress and inflammation	Reduces stress level	Nile and Park (2014)
		carbohydrate, glycoside and steroids	Nematodes	abscess and antinematodal activity	Verma et al (2015)
			Nematodes, bacteria ( such as p merabulus,s aureus, E coli,B cerus, S typhii, K pneumonia, p aeruginosa, E faecalis) and against fungi including A. alternata, A niger, A flavus, F solani, F sporium, and P notatum	Antihelmenthic activity, wound healing property and growth inhibition of some bacterial and fungal strains	Verma et al. (2012), Azam et al. (2016)
12	Arisaema leschenaultii Blume	Ethanolic extracts,steroids, triterpenoids, reducing sugars, alkaloids, phenolic compounds,flavonoids, tannins,catechins,anthroquionones, saponins, aminoacids,	Albino mice and guinea pig, diseases, piles,	Antiallergic, cure piles, skin problems	Vinay et al. (2010), Annie selvakumari (2015)
		. It has high concentration of saponins, steroids, terpenes, triterpenoids, polyphenols and moderate concentrations of tannins, phylobatannins, flavonoids (52), carbohydrates, anthraquinone (53) and glycosides	Microbes, free radicals, allergies and against reproduction in cattles and pigs	Antiseptic properties in buffalo’s antimicrobial activity, wound healing activity, antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, antiulcer activity, antiallergic activity, and against reproduction in pigs and cattles	Kumari and Narasimhan (2003), Gunde et al (2009), Vinay jain et al. (2010), (2012,2015), Suruse et al. (2011), Suresh et al. (2017)
13	Arisaema utile Schott	Lectins	six human cancer cell-lines and human lymph, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, wound healing activity	Potent inhibition towards six human cancer cell-lines and potent mitogenic response towards human lymphocytes	Dhuna et al (2010)
14	Arisaema ringens	Basic lectins		Inhibition of haemagglutination	Yagi et al. (2008)
15	Arisaema utile	Methanolic extract, N-acetyl-D-lactosamine	human cancer cell lines including THP-1 (leukemia), A-549 (lung), HCT,15 (Colon), Cervix (Hela) and Prostrate (PC-3), P. aeruginosa -*P.vulgaris -S.aureus -B.Subtilis -S. epidermidis, DPPH*	Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant	Mubashir and Shah (2012)
16	Arisaema franchetianum	Cubenol (38),guaiol (39),eugenol (37) m,linalool (36),Alfa bisobalol (41), carvacrol (40), A novel pyrrolidine alkaloid, (2R,3S,5S*)-N,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-5-(10-phenyldecyl) pyrrolidine, and 17 compounds were bergenin emodin., caffeic acid, nobiletin, 3-O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-hederagenin 28-O-b-Dxylopyranosyl (1 ! 6)-b-D-galactopyranosyl ester, coniferin, qingyangshengenin methylconiferin, syringaresinol 40-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, gagaminine, perlolyrine, (S)-1-(10-hydroxyethyl)-b-carboline, 1-(bcarboline-1-yl)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-1-pentanone, 1-methoxycarbonyl-b-carboline (48), indolo[2,3-a] carbazole (49), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester, and methyl 4-[2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl] ferulate	Inflammation, against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), human leukemic K562 cells, and human breast cancer MCF-7 cells	Anti-inflammatory effect, Inhibitory effect on porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), human leukemic K562 cells, and human breast cancer MCF-7 cells	Miglani et al. (1978), Ducki et al. (1996), Jung, et al. (1996a, b), Li and Long (1998), Lee et al. (2000), He et al. (2002), Huang et al. (2004), Bremner et al. (2004), Lamkadem et al. (2005), Mao et al. (2001), Nunomura et al (2009), Zhao et al. (2010), Sun et al. (2011), Tao et al. (2011), Wang et al. (2007), Su et al. (2013), Mubashir and Shah (2012), Jia et al. (2018)
17	Arisaema murrayi Hook	Poison	Albino mice	Poisoning on Albino mice that resulted in changes in behavior such as convulsion of limbs, drowsiness, dilation in pupils, and ultimately leading to death. Liver, kidney and small intestine got affected which carries some changes such as liver turns to black on edges and slightly congested, color of kidney changed to black and small intestine showed black or sometimes yellowish patches	Sagar et al. (2014)
18	Arisaema airorubens, A. stewardsonii, A. Triphyllum (L.) Torr	Oxalates	Has toxic properties	Intense irritation and burning of the mouth and tongue, with associated inflammation, Edema and Salivation. Deadly if tongue swells, blocking the air passage	Pandita et al. (2014)
19	Arisaema anurans	Oxygenated terpenes, phenyl propanoids	Microbes, fungi	Antimicrobial and antifungal	Jia et al. (2018)
20	Arisaema cumbile		Inflammation, skin diseases and mental disorders	Inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokinins including interleukins, helps to cure dermatitis and neurological disorders	Sudan et al. (2014)

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