Table 1 Changes in physico-chemical properties of solid substrates treated with ligninolytic fungi during solid-state fermentation in different time intervals

6.2 ± 0.115^a

65.1 ± 1.66^a

37.7 ± 0.96^a

0.58 ± 0.014^g

3.6 ± 0.08^g

0.49 ± 0.034ⁱ

0.68 ± 0.09^e

20

6.0 ± 0.115^ab

62.8 ± 1.14^a

36.4 ± 0.66^a

0.72 ± 0.020^f

4.4 ± 0.12^f

0.67 ± 0.020^gh

1.20 ± 0.11^e

40

5.8 ± 0.173^abc

55.9 ± 1.49^bc

32.4 ± 0.86^bc

0.89 ± 0.020^e

5.5 ± 0.12^e

0.93 ± 0.013^e

2.85 ± 0.13^d

60

5.6 ± 0.115^bcd

45.0 ± 1.15^ef

26.1 ± 0.66^ef

0.93 ± 0.026^e

5.8 ± 0.16^e

1.07 ± 0.020^d

4.75 ± 0.14^c

80

5.4 ± 0.057^cde

31.0 ± 0.86^g

17.9 ± 0.50^g

1.13 ± 0.013^d

7.0 ± 0.08^d

1.23 ± 0.017^c

5.74 ± 0.15^b

100

5.2 ± 0.115^def

27.5 ± 1.60^g

15.9 ± 0.93^g

1.38 ± 0.011^b

8.6 ± 0.07^b

1.38 ± 0.044^b

6.09 ± 0.23^b

120

5.0 ± 0.173^efg

21.5 ± 1.04^h

12.4 ± 0.60^h

1.63 ± 0.023^a

10.1 ± 0.14^a

1.50 ± 0.031^a

6.85 ± 0.18^a

20

5.8 ± 0.115^abc

63.2 ± 1.60^a

36.6 ± 0.93^a

0.69 ± 0.02^f

4.3 ± 0.13^f

0.56 ± 0.026^hi

0.83 ± 0.12^e

40

5.6 ± 0.057^bcd

56.8 ± 0.62^b

32.9 ± 0.36^b

0.74 ± 0.017^f

4.6 ± 0.10^f

0.68 ± 0.043^g

1.18 ± 0.15^e

60

5.4 ± 0.100^cde

50.8 ± 1.66^cd

29.4 ± 0.96^cd

0.88 ± 0.017^e

5.4 ± 0.10^e

0.80 ± 0.026^f

2.78 ± 0.17^d

80

5.1 ± 0.115^def

46.7 ± 1.15^de

27.0 ± 0.66^de

0.96 ± 0.023^e

6.0 ± 0.14^e

0.94 ± 0.020^e

4.60 ± 0.10^c

100

4.8 ± 0.173^fg

43.0 ± 1.60^ef

24.9 ± 0.93^ef

1.25 ± 0.028^c

7.8 ± 0.17^c

1.08 ± 0.017^d

4.99 ± 0.22^c

120

4.5 ± 0.115^g

39.5 ± 0.86^f

22.9 ± 0.50^f

1.36 ± 0.023^b

8.5 ± 0.14^b

1.21 ± 0.026^c

5.94 ± 0.18^b

5.8 ± 0.115^a

72.7 ± 1.87^a

42.1 ± 1.08^a

0.59 ± 0.014ⁱ

3.7 ± 0.09ⁱ

0.52 ± 0.037^h

0.93 ± 0.04^e

20

5.5 ± 0.208^ab

68.7 ± 2.22^a

39.8 ± 1.29^a

0.72 ± 0.018^gh

4.5 ± 0.11^gh

0.70 ± 0.041^fg

1.14 ± 0.06^de

40

5.3 ± 0.115^abc

54.9 ± 1.26^bc

31.8 ± 0.72^bc

0.85 ± 0.020^fg

5.3 ± 0.12^fg

0.82 ± 0.049^ef

1.64 ± 0.15^cd

60

5.0 ± 0.057^bcd

41.6 ± 1.71^ef

24.1 ± 0.99^ef

1.08 ± 0.037^e

6.7 ± 0.23^e

0.97 ± 0.043^de

1.86 ± 0.13^c

80

5.0 ± 0.152^bcd

30.9 ± 1.70^g

17.9 ± 0.98^g

1.45 ± 0.026^c

9.1 ± 0.16^c

1.16 ± 0.026^bc

2.18 ± 0.10^c

100

4.6 ± 0.100^de

24.5 ± 1.35^h

14.2 ± 0.78^h

1.72 ± 0.027^b

10.7 ± 0.17^b

1.28 ± 0.044^b

2.85 ± 0.15^b

120

4.2 ± 0.115^e

18.3 ± 1.32^h

10.6 ± 0.76ⁱ

1.92 ± 0.023^a

12.0 ± 0.14^a

1.49 ± 0.031^a

3.55 ± 0.18^a

20

5.4 ± 0.173^abc

69.3 ± 1.48^a

40.2 ± 0.85^a

0.68 ± 0.046^hi

4.2 ± 0.28^hi

0.62 ± 0.026^gh

1.10 ± 0.08^de

40

5.1 ± 0.100^bcd

59.2 ± 1.54^b

34.3 ± 0.89^b

0.78 ± 0.017^gh

4.9 ± 0.10^gh

0.70 ± 0.026^fg

1.14 ± 0.11^de

60

4.9 ± 0.057^cd

54.4 ± 1.28^bc

31.5 ± 0.74^bc

0.92 ± 0.015^f

5.7 ± 0.09^f

0.83 ± 0.020^ef

1.67 ± 0.14^cd

80

4.7 ± 0.100^de

50.4 ± 1.21^cd

29.2 ± 0.70^cd

1.28 ± 0.043^d

8.0 ± 0.27^d

0.97 ± 0.029^de

1.82 ± 0.14^c

100

4.6 ± 0.115^de

45.3 ± 1.66^de

26.3 ± 0.96^de

1.33 ± 0.040^cd

8.3 ± 0.25^cd

1.07 ± 0.034^cd

2.06 ± 0.20^c

120

4.3 ± 0.057^e

37.5 ± 0.93^f

21.7 ± 0.54^f

1.45 ± 0.028^c

9.0 ± 0.17^c

1.17 ± 0.027^bc

2.95 ± 0.16^b

6.5 ± 0.115^a

68.2 ± 1.12^a

39.5 ± 0.65^a

0.56 ± 0.023ⁱ

3.5 ± 0.14^h

0.50 ± 0.037^h

0.88 ± 0.08^e

20

6.2 ± 0.152^ab

61.3 ± 1.18^b

35.5 ± 0.68^b

0.68 ± 0.026^fg

4.2 ± 0.16^fg

0.69 ± 0.026^fg

1.36 ± 0.15^e

40

6.0 ± 0.115^abc

53.8 ± 1.09^c

31.2 ± 0.63^c

0.83 ± 0.029e

5.2 ± 0.18^e

0.84 ± 0.023^de

2.62 ± 0.15^d

60

5.8 ± 0.057^bcd

48.3 ± 1.72^c

28.0 ± 0.99^c

1.04 ± 0.037^cd

6.4 ± 0.23^cd

0.91 ± 0.035^cd

3.24 ± 0.14^cd

80

5.4 ± 0.173^de

35.8 ± 1.41^d

20.7 ± 0.82^d

1.11 ± 0.020^bc

6.9 ± 0.12^bc

1.00 ± 0.023^bc

3.98 ± 0.26^bc

100

5.1 ± 0.100^ef

26.0 ± 1.61^e

15.0 ± 0.93^e

1.19 ± 0.034^ab

7.4 ± 0.21^ab

1.10 ± 0.029^ab

4.66 ± 0.17^ab

120

4.4 ± 0.115^g

16.5 ± 1.32^e

9.5 ± 0.76^f

1.25 ± 0.028^a

7.8 ± 0.17^a

1.21 ± 0.028^a

5.30 ± 0.17^a

20

6.3 ± 0.115^ab

66.5 ± 0.85^ab

38.5 ± 0.49^ab

0.63 ± 0.026^gh

3.9 ± 0.16^gh

0.60 ± 0.029^gh

1.04 ± 0.18^e

40

6.1 ± 0.057^ab

63.5 ± 1.65^ab

36.8 ± 0.95^ab

0.76 ± 0.020^ef

4.7 ± 0.12^ef

0.76 ± 0.023^ef

1.26 ± 0.19^e

60

5.9 ± 0.100^bcd

61.2 ± 1.58^b

35.5 ± 0.92^b

0.83 ± 0.034^e

5.2 ± 0.21^e

0.85 ± 0.028^de

2.52 ± 0.22^d

80

5.5 ± 0.115^cde

53.8 ± 1.09^c

31.2 ± 0.63^c

0.98 ± 0.034^d

6.1 ± 0.21^d

0.91 ± 0.040^cd

3.15 ± 0.35^cd

100

5.2 ± 0.115^ef

48.3 ± 1.41^c

28.0 ± 0.82^c

1.05 ± 0.017^cd

6.5 ± 0.10^cd

1.03 ± 0.040^bc

3.96 ± 0.31^bc

120

4.8 ± 0.173^fg

35.8 ± 1.25^d

20.8 ± 0.72^d

1.18 ± 0.015^ab

7.3 ± 0.09^ab

1.09 ± 0.034^ab

5.21 ± 0.17^a