Table 3 The sublethal effects of emamectin benzoate on S. littoralis population parameters

Net reproductive rate (R₀) (offspring/individual)

958.74 ± 169.19^a

368.235 ± 73.300^b

264.90 ± 66.103^b

Intrinsic rate of increase (r) (d⁻¹)

0.208 ± 0.006^a

0.174 ± 0.006^b

0.161 ± 0.007^b

Finite rate of increase (λ) (d⁻¹)

1.231 ± 0.006^a

1.190 ± 0.007^b

1.175 ± 0.009^b

Mean generation time T (d)

32.99 ± 0.178^a

33.83 ± 0.205^b

34.57 ± 0.216^c

The doubling time (DT)

3.33

3.97

4.3

Fecundity (eggs/female)

2038.12 ± 194.216^a

1043.33 ± 62.977^b

965 ± 103.09^b

Gross reproductive rate (GRR)

1197.05 ± 193.06^a

514.13 ± 91.52^b

451.34 ± 100.32^b

Relative fitness

1

0.38

0.28