Table 1 The proximate chemical composition for different agricultural wastes used as a substrate

Wheat bran

Moisture 8.1–12.7%, protein 9.6–18.6%, Ash 3.9-8.1%, dietary fiber 33.4–63%, total carbohydrate 60–75%, and starch 9.1–38.9%.

(Curti et al. 2013)

Rice straw

Lignin 13.3%, cellulose 31.1%, hemicelluloses 22.3%; Asha and other 33.3%

(Barmina et al. 2013)

Soy bean

Sugar 6%, oil 20%, crude protein 37%, soluble fiber 12%, humidity 9%, ashes 5%, and neutral detergent fiber 11%

(Karr-Lilienthal et al. 2006)

Fresh pomegranate peel powder

Moisture 7.27%, protein 3.76%, ash 4.32%, crude fiber 17.31%, fat 0.85%, total phenol content 18.75 mg/g, antioxidant activity 59.64%, water activity 0.28, and carbohydrate 66.51%.

(Ranjitha et al. 2018)

Fresh banana peel powder

Proteins 0.9%, lipids 1.7%, carbohydrates 59.1% crude fiber 31.7%, water 6 and 8%, minerals: potassium 0.078%, manganese 0.076%, calcium 0.019%, sodium is 0.024%, and iron 0.00061%.

(Anhwange et al. 2009)

Fresh orange peel powder

Ash 4.2%, protein 7.8%, starch 4.5%, fat 2.3%: lignin 1.0%, cellulose 11.1%, and hemicelluloses 12.6%, pectin 51.1%, and moisture 2.9%.

(Hiri et al. 2015)

Potato peel powder

Moisture 11.2%, ash 7.56%, sugar 3.45%, carbohydrate 64.47%, and protein 13.52%.

Arapoglou et al. 2010)