Fig. 3

Effect of different concentrations of etoposide in grass pea for 72 h. a Treatments showing reduced radicle length with increasing concentration of the etoposide (i to vii: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and μM) treated for 72 h. b Assessment of radicle length, with the treatment of colchicine (8 h) followed by different concentrations of etoposide for 72 h. i, control A; ii, control B showing distinct bulging of root tips; iii to viii, significant decrease in bulging tendency of root tips with lower to higher concentrations of drugs added. c Callus growth inhibition with increased concentration of etoposide (i to vii: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 μM). The callus picture representing the 30th day’s morphology. i, control; ii to vii, showing a decrease in callus size with lower to higher concentrations of etoposide added in the medium. Scale bar = 10 mm (Fig. 3a,b); 5 mm (Fig. 3c)