Fig. 2

Pathological events related to underlying AD neurodegeneration. These events include the amyloid deposition in the brain due to the uncontrolled cleavage of APP and the degeneration of neurotoxic Aβ-42 peptides, hyperphosporhylation of tau protein and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, the deficiency of acetylcholine (ACh) due to its increased hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction